托福阅读句子简化题实例解析
【简介】感谢网友“来杯西o西o”参与投稿，下面是小编整理的托福阅读句子简化题实例解析（共8篇），欢迎阅读分享，希望对大家有所帮助。
篇1：托福阅读句子简化题实例解析
托福阅读句子简化题实例解析 如何利用逻辑解题法解决简化题?
一.托福阅读句子简化题难点解析
在托福阅读题型中，句子简化题可算是一种让学生颇为头疼的题型了，首先这种题型涉及句子阅读与理解，需要考生有一个比较好的句子分析基础，另外，它又同文章段落结构相联系，同时答案又是选出简化后的内容，所以要求学生在确定文章主题以及段落大意的情况下，通过仔细阅读来确定某些特定句子的主要意思。
那么怎样做这类题才能达到较好的复习效果呢?今天我们就一起来学习一下怎么做简化题，下面我为大家介绍一种方法，即运用逻辑解题法，希望对大家有所帮助。
二.逻辑解题法简述
逻辑解题法，顾名思义就是通过对句子进行分析，在了解句子结构的基础上，分析句子的主要逻辑结构，找到句子所要表达的核心内容，然后对应答案，选出内容逻辑都符合的正确选项。句子简化题简化的是内容，但不是逻辑，所以通过逻辑解题法我们可以快速锁定正确答案范围。
逻辑解题法主要有以下三个步骤： 通读原句，分析句子结构，找到句子主干及句子所表达的主要逻辑关系 查看选项，排除非主干逻辑的选项 根据句子内容，对应逻辑关系的具体对象，选出正确答案。
三.托福阅读句子简化题实例解析
下面我们来看一个例子： 例: The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
上面这句话就是一个高亮的句子，我们来看一下对应的 4 个选项： A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people. B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land. C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort. D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
按照逻辑解题法的步骤，首先我们先分析一下原句，找到主干逻辑。很明显，这句话主语是 The extreme seriousness，谓语 results from，后面 as well as from 与前面并列，连接了并列宾语，所以这句话的主干逻辑就是 “result from” 所表现出来的因果关系。
第二步查看选项，我们可以直接排除 C D 两个选项，C 选项因果关系缺失，D 选项中 “unless” 表示句子逻辑关系，中文释义为“除非”，不是因果，所以 D 选项也没有因果概念。答案应该在 A B 之中选择。
第三步对应逻辑关系主要承接对象，选定最终答案。原句中 “result from” 前面的部分是结果部分，而 B 选项 “because of” 前面表示结果的部分跟原文中不一致，排除。A 选项的结果部分与原句的结果部分一致。所以选 A。最后，做完题还应进行验证。看这个题目选的这句话跟原文那句话的意思是否一致，规避一些基本的小错误。
此外，我们在考试的时候还会遇到一些比较复杂的句子，里面包含多种逻辑关系，在这种情况下，我们就需要分析哪个是主要逻辑，哪个是次要逻辑，最终根据分析，确定主要内容。比如下面这个例子：
例：He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.
通过分析句子，我们可以看到，句子中有两个逻辑关系，一个是因果，一个是条件，“reasoning” 表示“因果关系”，“if” 表示“条件关系”。但是“条件”是被镶嵌在“因果”关系里面的，主干逻辑为 “a reasoning that b”，a 以 b 为原因，而这个原因就是 if 引导的从句，这意味着因果关系要比条件关系要高一层。所以我们在选择的时候主要的逻辑关系应该是因果，不是条件。看下面四个选项：
A. Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one. B. Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines. C. Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell. D. Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.
通过上述分析，我们可以知道，答案为 C，D 选项虽然与原句表达的意思相似，但是不能选 D。因为因果和条件这两种逻辑差别的关系：已经发生的事情属于因果关系，尚未发生的事情属于条件关系。
利用逻辑解题法解决托福阅读句子简化题是非常不错的选择，如果大家不会做这类题目，建议按照文中示例步骤来解决此类题目。句子简化题虽然乍一看难度很高，但是只要大家用对方法，多做练习，考试中遇到这里题目就能做的又快又对。
托福阅读素材：驾驶新规
请看相关报道：
The Ministry of Public Security's amended regulations on driving licenses increase the penalties for motorists who run red lights, as well as authorities who issue licenses to new drivers who cause serious accidents.
公安部新修订的驾驶证使用规定加强了对司机闯红灯的处罚力度，同时新司机发生严重事故的也将对发证机关进行处罚。
新规中对running red light (闯红灯) 和 blocking or defacing license plates (遮挡、污损号牌) 等行为的point penalty (扣分处罚) 从之前的3分提高到6分; drunk driving (醉驾) 的客货车司机将面临 lifetime ban (终身禁驾)。
Newly qualified drivers (新司机)上高速必须由三年以上驾龄的司机陪同，一旦发生fatal accident(致命事故)将追究license-issuing authorities (发证机关)的责任。
托福阅读素材：每个女人都应该记住的10句名言
1. Muhhamad Ali Jinah:
穆罕默德·阿里·吉娜
There are two powers in the world; one is the sword and the other is the pen. There is a great competition and rivalry between the two. There is a third power stronger than both, that of the women.
世界上最强大的两种东西。一种是剑，一种是笔。这两者之间有很大的竞争性。世界上还有比这两种东西更强大的第三种，那就是女人。
2. Margaret Sanger:
玛格丽特·桑格
Woman must have her freedom, the fundamental freedom of choosing whether or not she will be a mother and how many children she will have. Regardless of what man's attitude may be, that problem is hers — and before it can be his, it is hers alone.
女人必须得有她的自由，最基本的自由是选择是否成为一位母亲以及将生几个孩子。不管男人的态度如何，那都是她自己的事情——也许最后男人也会参与进来，但首先将由她自己作出决定。
3. Marilyn Monroe:
玛丽莲·梦露
A wise woman likes but doesn't love, listens but doesn't believe and leaves before she is left.
聪明的女人会喜欢但不会深爱，会倾听但不会相信，会在被抛弃以前离开。
4. Dick Van Dyke:
迪克·范·戴克
Women will never be as successful as men because they have no wives to advise them.
女性绝不会有和男人一样的成功，因为她们没有妻子给她们建议。
5. Whitney Houston:
惠特尼·休斯顿
I like being a woman, even in a man's world. After all, men can't wear dresses, but we can wear the pants.
即使是生活在男人的世界里我也喜欢做女人。毕竟，男人不能穿裙子，但是我们能穿裤子。
6. Cameron Diaz:
卡梅隆·迪亚兹
What we women need to do, instead of worrying about what we don't have, is just love what we do have.
我们女人需要做的就是，与其担心我们没有的东西，还不如爱我们已经有的东西。
7. Farrah Fawcett:
法拉·弗西
God gave women intuition and femininity. Used properly, the combination easily jumbles the brain of any man I've ever met.
上帝给了女人直觉和女人味儿。使用合理的话，这两者结合就能很容易迷倒我曾遇到过的所有男性。
8. Yul Brynner:
尤尔·伯连纳
Girls have an unfair advantage over men: if they can't get what they want by being smart, they can get it by being dumb.
女孩儿有男孩儿没有的优势：如果她们不能通过变聪明得到她们想要的，那么她们可以通过变得愚笨得到。
9. Joseph Conrad:
约瑟夫·康拉德
Being a woman is a terribly difficult task, since it consists principally in dealing with men.
做女人难，因为主要是和男人打交道。
10. Oscar Wilde:
奥斯卡·王尔德
Women are made to be loved, not understood.
女人生来是被爱旳，而不是被理解的。
托福阅读素材：20几岁最需要学会的技能
What are the skills that are most important to learn during your 20s?
20几岁的时候最需要学的技能是什么?
1. Build a foundation for health.
锻炼强健的体魄。
In your twenties it's easy to feel like you're invincible. That fast food and the five margaritas you downed the night before burn right off and you wake up the next morning feeling fine. This does not last. Start building healthy habits now before they catch up to you later. At 30, I'm still struggling with this one myself. Get in the habit of eating healthfully and exercising. Your body will thank you for years later.
20几岁的时候，你很容易觉得自己所向披靡。吃个快餐、晚上喝的五杯玛格丽塔酒酒劲还没过，第二天醒来还感觉良好。但这持续不了多久的。在身体垮掉之前赶紧养成健康的习惯。30岁的时候，我仍旧在和自己的健康作斗争。习惯吃得健康一点，做做运动。几年之后，你的身体状况会感激你现在所作出的努力。
2. Learn resiliency.
学会振作。
Your twenties is a time when most are relatively free of the responsibilities that will increase into your thirties and forties. This is a great time to experiment, fail, and bounce back. Learn how to ride out failure and persevere. Life is full of challenges. The twenties are a great time to toughen up and start teaching yourself how to be emotionally and mentally resilient enough to weather both the joys and hardships to come.
20几岁是你最自由的时候，到了30岁和40岁的时候，责任就相对增加很多了。这是去尝试、失败、重新振作的最佳时期。学着怎么从失败当中爬起来并且坚持下去。生活中充满挑战。无论幸福还是悲伤，20岁都是你吃苦和学会怎么从精神上和身体上振作的最佳时期。
3. Figure out what lifestyle and career work for the real you.
找到你真正想要的生活方式和工作。
I felt like a failure throughout my twenties because most of my university friends seemed happy in corporate jobs that made me miserable. I felt constant pressure to fit a specific mold. It's only within the past year that I've started to come to terms with who I really am and what really makes me happy. Life is not one-size-fits-all. Choose the career and lifestyle that are true to you, not a version of that you wish you were.
20几岁的时候我觉得自己很失败，因为我大多数的大学同学都有着幸福的工作，这让我觉得自己很可悲。为了一定的目标，我不断给自己施加压力。过去的一年里，我才真正开始思考我到底是个什么样的人，什么才能使我快乐。没有任何一种生活方式能适合所有人。选择你自己真正想要的生活方式跟职业，而不是像你所希望的那样。
4. Learn to live within your means.
学会靠自己生活。
Learn smart financial management now. Learn how to live within a budget and maintain good credit. A mistake I once made, and one I still see a number of my peers making, is being a slave to lifestyle: taking cabs everywhere, buying expensive clothing, and having meals out constantly. This is stupid and reckless. I know people who were left completely adrift despite having made great salaries because they had no savings when their careers hit a rough patch. Their income was spent all on things that are frivolous. Luxuries are a wonderful thing only if you can truly afford them. Don't be a slave to funding a lifestyle that will not last. Learn to live modestly and save up, and then you will have earned the right to purchase yourself some treats, in moderation.
现在开始，学些理财知识吧。学着怎么在不打破预算的情况下生活，还保持良好的信用额度。我曾经犯过一个错误，现在我仍旧看见我的很多朋友在犯这个错误，那就是成为了生活方式的奴隶：无论去哪儿都打的，买昂贵的衣服，还有经常去外面吃饭。这是愚蠢和鲁莽的。我见过那种人，尽管工资很高，但是当他们的工作遇到困难的时候却因为没有积蓄而彻底绝望。他们把所有的收入都用在那些没有意义的东西上。只有当你真正能负担得起的时候，奢侈才是恰到好处。不要去选择一种不会持久的奴隶的生活方式。学会谦虚地生活还有节约，然后你就可以有节制地给自己来个奖励。
5. Choose who you spend your time with carefully.
认真选择你的伴侣。
Time is a precious commodity and you start to realize that increasingly into your mid to late twenties. Choose your friends wisely. Separate yourself from toxic or negative influences, those who would waste your time, and those who encourage you to focus on the unimportant. Seek out people who give you happiness, who inspire you, who support you, and nourish those relationships instead.
在你二十五六岁时候你会开始发现，时间是一件珍贵的商品。明智地选择你的朋友。不要让自己被有害的的或者消极的人所影响，那些人只会浪费你的时间，他们只会让你专注于那些不重要的事情上。看看谁能给你带来幸福，谁激励你，谁支持你，让你们之间的关系升温。
篇2：托福阅读句子简化题例子解析
面对托福阅读部分来说，对于考试的题型，无论是题型特点还是解题技巧，我们都是需要我们掌握的，今天我们就通过实例来进行详细的解析，帮助大家更好地来备考。
托福阅读句子简化题例子解析
句子简化题是托福阅读必考题目，每篇一题，主要考察考生对复杂句子的主干信息的把握。所谓主干信息，要分清主句和从句，尤其是主句的语法主干：即主语谓语和宾语。除此以外，还有注意常考的几种信息类型，如反面或负面信息，表示比较或对比的信息等等。做到这些还不够。此题的正确选项特点是：对原句的主干信息进行同义替换，即用词汇或语法手段替换原句的主干信息。因此，如果你发现有的选项包括和原句长相非常相似的词汇，千万当心!
来看下面的例子：
Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.
Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.
○The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.
○Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form.
○The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.
原句的主要信息点包括：因果关系since, 否定信息not, 强调信息only。选项C和这几个信息正好完全对应。答案却是A! 因为C把原文的因果关系完全颠倒过来了!
从这个题目我们可以洞察命题者的思路：设计C选项时故意保留原文的某些词汇不变，造成一种假象，吸引大家的眼球，以迷惑麻痹意志不坚定的童鞋!
托福阅读题文章怎么理解?
托福阅读文章原型大都选自美国大学生使用的教材或者学术期刊，文章的选材范围极其广泛，涉及有自然科学包括：天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等;人文科学包括：艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等;社会科学包括：政治学、经济学、教育学、人类学等学科。从选材范围可知道：托福阅读的文章内容不仅对同学们的知识存储量有一定的要求，同时对于我们的理解能力有一定的要求。
首先托福阅读分四个阶段：
第一阶段：不关心句子的意义，只关心语言符号，比如：猫坐在帽子上飞;黑色的太阳
第二阶段：获取主题和重点信息，即大的框架结构
第三阶段：能找出观点理论并确定观点的支撑细节;能分析整体框架。
第四阶段：针对某个特定主题，在很多相关资料中寻找需要的信息。
为什么需要这四个阅读阶段呢?是由阅读的三个特征来决定的：
1. 多书面语：词汇句式复杂
2. 论证严密：观点阐述严密，逻辑环环相扣
3. 结构复杂：多观点结构
下面通过一个段落具体讲解。3分钟来读以下段落：
Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreidezeit).S1 Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct. S2 For example, some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants, which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous, about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.S3 In fact, several scientists have suggested that the duck bill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs, with their complex battery of grinding teeth, evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants.S4 Othershave blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, which alleged lyate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur egg safter 120 million years of coexistence. S5Some explanations (such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases) fail because there is no way to scientifically test them, and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork.S6
全段一共241个字，6句话，平均每句话都40个字左右。
拿第一句话Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreidezeit)为例子，这句话出现了K-T boundary，sedimentation，Cretaceous等词，不是常见词汇，而且这句话中包含了原因状语从句(becauseit is associated...)，非谓语(known as.../found in...),同位语(usually a thin band of sedimentation...)，插入语(K is the tradition abb...)，所以总结一下，就是生词多，句式复杂。
第二点观点阐述严密，逻辑环环相扣。这一段第一句话的意思是恐龙灭绝了，紧接着第二句话说到Many explanations have been proposed 。第一个explanation是把恐龙的灭绝归咎于开花植物的发展，但是(except)开花植物在恐龙灭绝前6千万年前就已经进化了，进而否定了恐龙因为开花植物而灭绝这一解释。后面in fact这一句话更加证实了恐龙不是因为开花植物而灭绝。第二个explanation是因为哺乳动物吃恐龙蛋导致恐龙灭绝，但是(expect)在其灭绝前，恐龙和哺乳动物共处了1.2亿年，进而否定了恐龙因为哺乳动物而灭绝。最后一句话Some explanations fail既做了总结，又表达出态度：一些原因不能解释恐龙灭绝，呼应开头。
第三点结构复杂，多观点结构。第一句话Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct 呼应主题，交代背景。紧接着Many explanations...，for example后面来列举解释恐龙灭绝的原因。some.....原因解释1，破折号后面except表示转折，否定前面的原因;in fact 表示递进关系，进一步解释说明前面一句话的意思---否定恐龙灭绝是因为开花植物。others...原因解释2，破折号后面except表示转折，否定原因2。最后一句话Some explanations fail总结上文，明确表达出态度。整段是分(some......others......)——总(explanations fail)结构。
托福阅读考试的两大陷阱
陷阱一：细节题考查精确定位
托福阅读中的细节题其实不难，但前提是定位的点要对，比如下面这个例题：
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
这是一个典型的细节题，在该题题干中，有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位，因为它是专有名词，在文中会比较显眼。但是如果一旦选择了这个地名，势必会定位在该段的第一句话，托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案，这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的，因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应该是white-tailed deer，这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的，按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符，B和C都与定位句信息无关。我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子：
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位，但在定位过程中会出现很多问题。首先考生要学会跳跃式定位，即根据文章中特殊的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜索我们真正需要的关键词。文中的particular是加了阴影的，succession是在引号里面的，都非常醒目，通过看这两个词我们会发现它们附近没有我们需要的东西;再比较突出的就是数字及破折号，在500的上方有a climax community，但它是单数，与题干关键词不完全匹配，细节题讲究的是精确定位，所以我们应该选择500斜下方的Climax communities，即该段的最后一句话。否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种：一是无中生有，即根据定位点的内容，四个选项只有一个没有提到，这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴，即根据定位点的内容表述，只有一个选项与之矛盾，这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目。就这个例题而言，根据定位的最后一句话，从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项，D项的意思与原句相符，而C项与原句矛盾，所以正确答案是C。综上所述，做新托福阅读的细节题，最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位。
陷阱二：无方向中隐藏方向。
新托福阅读考试中绝大部分题目都是对应具体段落的，这会为考生节省很多时间。但是也不排除有少量题目的范围比较大或比较模糊，考生在寻找答案时难免一头雾水，费时费力。其实这些看似没有明确定位方向的题目都是暗藏玄机的。下面我们就来看一个例子：
Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.
Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.
Based on the information in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas mentioned at the end of paragraph 1?
A.They rely largely on coal-fired power plants.
B.They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down.
C.Over 1 percent of the electricity in these states is produced by wind farms.
D.Wind farms in these states are being expanded to meet the power needs of the United States.
这个题目的题干涉及到三个段落，而事实上考生根本不需要去看第一段的内容，因为答案依据的是第三、四段的信息，但是这两个段落如果都看的话内容也不少，从应试的角度来说太费时间。正确的做法应该是从选项中挖掘一下方向。A项里大家一般都会选择有连字符的coal-fired作为关键词去定位，B项没有比较显眼的词就只能选名词短语remote areas，C项选1 percent， D项选the United States。选完关键词我们不难发现除了B项不大好定位以外，其他三个选项的关键词都很醒目。经过定位，A项应该去比对第3段的第一句话，意思明显矛盾;B项不好找，可以暂且跳过;C项和D项的关键词在这两段都找不到，这就属于新托福阅读中推理题的错误答案设计方法之一 ——无中生有。所以虽然我们没有去验证B项的说法是否正确，但经过排除也只能选B了。这样的做题方法就会省时省力，且答案也是正确的。在考试中，这种情况往往会影响考生的心情，进而影响水平的发挥，但是只要我们了解了ETS出题的套路就能把它们轻松搞定。
篇3：托福阅读句子简化题深度解析
句子简化题是托福阅读中不可忽视的一类题型，它考察学生对长难句的理解和同义替换能力的掌握，而这些技能在学生未来的海外求学生涯中都极为重要。下面我们就以真题为例，给大家深入解析一下句子简化题的应对策略，希望有助于各位的托福阅读备考。
托福阅读句子简化题深度解析
对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。
找到原句中的关键的词在选项当中进行同义替换。例如In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart fromthe rest of the animal kingdom.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.
B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.
C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.
D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.
先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。很多同学采用翻译的方法做题，即首先翻译原句，然后逐个翻译四个选项。这种做法不仅浪费时间，而且对我们的读句子的能力要求极高。更好的做法是，首先判断句子的核心信息。这是考题当中为数不多的原句比较简单的句子释义题，原句的核心概念在于强调区分(apart from)。因此找到同义替换，即是C项当中的distinguished。但是大多数题目的原文不会是一个简单句，多数是带有逻辑关系的复杂句。那么简单的同义替换技巧就无法操作了。如何快速解决这种题型呢?我们主要分两个部分来解析。
其实，我们在读原句的时候并不需要完整的彻底的摄取信息，相反，我们通过快速浏览，只需要关注两个关键点：一是原句当中的表示程度，频率的词，二是原句当中的逻辑关系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速浏览将所关注的信息点抓住即可，这样便节省了大量的时间。
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.
C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
解题思路：
句子中最核心的信息首先就是该句的逻辑关系。原句的逻辑关系可以由result from 来判断，为因果关系。借此我们就可以缩小选项范围，首先排除掉C,D选项。剩下的A,B两个选项均包含因果的逻辑关系。接下来我们可以根据句子的第二种核心信息：主语，来判断。原句的主语是Desertification沙漠化，而B项的主语是Slowing down the process of desertification减缓沙漠化进程。所以排除掉B选项，A为正确答案。
将通过程度词解题和借助逻辑关系解题结合起来，对于解答带有逻辑关系的复杂句的释义题很有帮助。我们看一下下面这道题目：
It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.
B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.
C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.
D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.
浏览原句，从because可以看出逻辑关系为因果关系，并且原句当中有绝对化词汇most。仅仅凭借most这个程度很强的词汇我们可以排除C选项。因为原文当中带有绝对化词汇而选项中没有，那么这个选项为必错选项。接下来利用逻辑关系排除A项，A中为转折关系。而B恰恰有because 这个词，此外B中的extremely可以作为most的同义替换。正确答案为B。
几乎每一篇文章后面都会有一道释义题，因此考生应加强练习。平时在阅读文章，或者报刊杂志的时候不仅仅要把注意力放在读懂原文上，还应该注意原文的逻辑关系，培养根据逻辑关系思考的习惯。另外，一些程度词的存在也会影响我们对原文的精确理解，平时阅读的时候应当多加关注。
托福词汇之10种著名小吃的英语说法
羊肉泡馍
01. Flatbread in mutton soup (yangrou paomo) – Yangrou paomo is the most iconic [标志性的] dish in the Xi’an foodscape. The ritual [例行公事] before eating a paomo – tearing the bread into small pieces yourself before letting the chef turn it into a stew [炖的食物] – is as enjoyable as the dish itself.
带有汤汁的饭菜通常用in + 汤汁这个公式来表达，如红烧肉就是diced pork stewed in brown sauce。
肉夹馍
02. Xi’an meat burger (roujiamo) – Roujiamo is the city’s favorite burger. A delicious roujiamo is composed of [由……组成] two key elements – juicy shredded [切成碎片的] braised pork [炖猪肉] and a crispy baked bread.
肉夹馍其实是馍夹肉__但不管怎样，肉夹馍和西方的汉堡包很类似，只不过肉夹馍用的是饼，汉堡包用的是面包。顺便说一下，驴肉火烧可以翻译为donkey burger。
凉皮
03. Cold noodles (liangpi) – Rice noodles are cooked, cooled and thinly sliced. The noodles are often served in a sauce made of chili oil [辣椒油], pepper powder, vinegar and diced garlic [切成丁的大蒜]. Then it’s garnished with [配有] bean sprouts [豆芽] and sliced cucumber [黄瓜].
提到noodle的时候，通常都是复数noodles，因为我们不可能就吃一根吧!方便面叫instant noodles。
biangbiang面
04. Biangbiang noodles – commonly described as resembling a belt, biangbiang noodles are wide, thick and long. One string of noodles can easily fill you up.
酸汤水饺
05. Hot and sour soup dumpling (suantang shuijiao) – Who can resist a bowl of dumplings swimming in hot and sour soup with sesame seeds [芝麻], minced leek [葱花] and cilantro [香菜]? Suantang shuijiao is flavorful and refreshing with a lingering (and pleasant) aftertaste [回味无穷].
汤圆一般翻译为sweet dumpling，如果要告诉外国人饺子和汤圆的区别，恐怕得进一步解释一下。
粉蒸肉
06. Steamed beef and wheat powder (fenzhengrou) – This unassuming-looking [其貌不扬的] dish packs 23 herbs, spices and seasonings into one serving and requires seven hours to cook.
馒头可以翻译为steamed bun，包子就是有馅的馒头，可以说成steamed stuffed bun，但有些地方包子馒头都用steamed bun。
串儿
07. Kabob (chuan’er) – coated with chili [辣椒] and cumin [孜然] powder, it’s a highly addictive [使人上瘾的] midnight snack for Xi’an residents. It’s not unusual for locals to order 100 of them in one go.
穿肉串的签子叫skewer。
石榴汁儿
08. Pomegranate juice – Pomegranates are a local specialty product. Pomegranate juice stands pop up around town every fall.
我中学大学的时候会说的水果很少，撑死5个：apple, banana, pear, orange, grape。有一天我去菜市场，立志要把所有常见水果的英文说法学会。
甑糕
09. Glutinous rice and date cake (zenggao) – Cooked overnight in a zeng – a traditional earthen utensil [泥做的器皿] – most vendors [商贩] only prepare one batch [一炉] of zenggao (glutinous rice [糯米] and date [枣子] layered cake) a day.
glutinous rice也可以简单说成sticky rice。我们传统的英语课堂上通常是不会教这些词汇的，因为考试不考，看到人名地名，老师也会跳过(基本不会教人名地名的发音)，因为考试不考，这就导致我们中的绝大多数出了学校就像从来没有学过英语一样，因为只会用排除法做选择题。凡是我们经常看到的，听到的，想到的，都应该设法用英语说出来，这样才会有成就感，才不会觉得枯燥，才不会放弃!
汤包
10. Soup dumpling (tangbao) – Shanghai’s xiaolongbao? Wrong. It is Xi’an’s own version of soup dumplings. Instead of pork, tangbao in Xi’an is mutton meat and soup packed into a paper-thin wrapper.
这里把汤包翻译为soup dumpling其实也可以理解，因为汤包和饺子也没有绝对的区别。总之，中文和英文是两种截然不同的语言，词汇不可能完全对应，需要我们不断揣摩和体会，这也许就是语言的魅力吧。加油!
托福词汇之“雨夹雪”用英语怎么说?
首先，“雨夹雪”是sleet，MacMillan English Dictionary – American对它的解释是：
1. a mixture of snow and rain
2. if it is sleeting, sleet is falling from the sky
也就是说，sleet既可以作名词，又可以作动词，作动词时是“下雨夹雪”的意思。
其实，部分以字母组合sl-开头的单词与“滑”有关，如：
1. sleet 雨夹雪-导致地面湿滑。
2. sleek 光滑而有光泽。如sleek black hair就是洗发水广告中经常出现的“乌黑顺滑的头发”。
3. sleigh 雪橇-雪橇是用来滑的。著名圣诞歌曲Jingle Bells里有一句歌词是Oh what fun it is to ride in a one-horse open sleigh。
4. slide 滑动;滑梯。sliding door是滑动门，也就是开关的时候是往左右两侧滑动的门，与转动的合页门对应。
5. slip 滑(倒)
6. slippery 湿滑的;狡猾的。Caution Slippery Floor(小心地滑)在很多公共场所可见。
7. slippers 拖鞋-后跟拖着在地上滑动，发出嚓嚓的响声。拖鞋是一双，所以要用复数slippers。
8. slope 斜坡;斜面-东西放上去容易往下滑。还记得物理课上的斜面吗?上面放一个长方体，问斜面与地面的夹角大于多少度时长方体会往下滑动。
托福词汇之“老司机”用英语怎么说?
林丹出轨事件继续发酵升温。据某媒体爆料，林丹居然是出轨“老司机”。今天我们来看看“老司机”用英语怎么说。
林丹曾经拍摄的一则公益广告，前几天被网友“挖坟”了。
广告词“人生不能越界，底线必须坚守”，惨遭打脸。
林丹到底是不是老司机不重要，我们今天来讨论一下“老司机”到底怎么翻译。
“老司机”的直译是experienced driver，也就是说，这里的“老”并不一定指年纪大，而是“有经验的”。中文里的“老”意思很多，“老鼠”、“老外”中的“老”跟年纪也不相关。
【例】He is a very experienced driver who has worked with us for 13 years. 他是一名经验丰富的司机，和我们工作了了。
但是，如今网络上流行的“老司机”跟司机其实没有什么关系了，百度是这样解释的(愤青们，其实百度解释中文还是比较精确的，别喷)：“老司机，网络名词。意为行业老手，对各种规则、内容以及技术、玩法经验老道的人。”也就是说，“老司机”并不非得是泡妞专家或情场老手，只要在一个行业混得比较久的经验比较丰富的人，都可以叫“老司机”，相当于“老手”或“老江湖”。
其实非常巧，英文中正好有一个词叫old hand和中文的“老手”精确对应，当然也可以对应“老司机”。Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary 5th Edition是这样解释old hand的：If someone is an old hand at something, they are very skilled at it because they have been doing it for a long time。
【例】An old hand at photography, Tim has been shooting wildlife as a hobby for the last 13 years. 提姆是一名资深的摄影师，他的爱好是拍摄野生动物，这一爱好已经持续了13年。
(来源：Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary 5th Edition)
既然词典说了veteran是old hand的同义词，那么“老司机”还可以说成veteran。既然词典又说了novice是old hand的反义词，那么novice就对应于我们常说的“菜鸟”。
总结一下：
old hand/ veteran /ˋv?t?r?n/ 老司机
novice /ˋnɑv?s/ 菜鸟
篇4：托福阅读插入题实例解析
托福阅读插入题实例解析 为何总在插入题栽跟头?
一.托福阅读插入题难点解析
很多同学都会在这道题目上栽跟头，或者花费过长的时间，其主要原因就在于大家没有搞清楚这种题目背后的核心考点。如果大家的关注点都是希望通过这句话的意思来判断它应该在原文段落中出现的正确位置的话就会出现事倍功半的情况。接下来我们就来一起讨论一下解决这一种类型题目的重要思路。在分析解题思路之前我们首先要明确的是这种题目重点考察的是同学们对于句子与句子之间逻辑关系的掌握和判断。所以这就提醒我们的同学们在做题的时候除了要关注这句插入句的意思以外还有试着判断一下这句话与它前后句子之间的逻辑关系，以此来帮助大家确定正确的位置。那么我们句子插入题中究竟会考到哪些常考的逻辑关系呢，在这里给大家简单解析一下其中的1种。
二.如果做托福阅读插入题
在我们的插入题中我们会经常遇到这样一类句子，在句子的前半句中会出现一个代词+一个名词的结构，那么这就意味着这个代词之后的名词是在前一句内容中被提及过的，所以我们可以做的事情就是回到原文段落中去找到已经出现过这个名词内容的句子。然而这里需要和大家强调的是我们回到原文段落中很难找到这个名词本身出现，因为一般来说插入句中的那个代词后的名词不会照搬原文原词，而是会用一个更概括性的名词或者近义词，所以我们回到原文要寻找的是这个名词的一个具体内容。找到包含这样一个词汇的句子，那么就可以初步假设我们的插入句应该放在其后面的位置。
三.托福阅读插入题实例解析
The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world.
Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. ■By following the fossils. Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. ■About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. ■Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. ■It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna.
根据我们前面的分析我们在这句插入句中找到了两个代词后的名词，这意味着在这句话前面已经提到过了一些地质学家的发现，而且我们需要注意的是这两个名词都是复数。所以我们需要去寻找原文段落中哪里出现了至少两个地质学家的发现，于是我们找到了如下的位置。
Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. ■By following the fossils. Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. ■About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. ■Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. ■It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna.
我们可以去关注一下插入句放在一个黑框位置的时候它与后面一句话之间的意思和逻辑是否也成立。我们这句插入句表达的意思是这些地质学家的发现激发了全世界各地的人都去检查当地的化石和岩石记录。而我们第三个黑框后面那句话讲的就是很快人们发现这样一个关于动物演变的理论不仅在英格兰和法国(前文提及过)成立，而是在全世界几乎所有地方都成立。因此我们可以发现我们句子中提到的各地的人去检验当地化石岩石是得出最终结论的前提条件，也就是说插入句必须出现在soon这一句话的前面，从而我们可以确定我们这道题就应该选择放在第三个黑框的位置。通过这道比较典型的简单难度的题目，我们对于句子插入题的考点和解题思路有了一个了解，所以我们会发现有时候这句话我们不需要完全的理解每一个单词，如果能抓住其中的关键词从而判断出它和前一句话之间的逻辑关系的话，那么我们也可以知道它的位置。
托福阅读插入题与阅读中的小结题相比简单许多，大家只需要在段落中找到一句话对应的位置即可，所以掌握正确的方法是提升这类题目做题正确率的关键。
实例解析——托福阅读“三步法” 搞定细节题
备考托福的同学都应该知道，在满分为30分、共有42道题的托福阅读部分里，细节题占据了一半左右的题目，可谓细节决定成败!那么如何来做这看似简单的细节题呢?很多同学会说：细节题，那还不简单?首先，找题目中的关键词，去定位;其次，读懂关键词在文章中的句子;最后，看选项中哪个选项最符合文章的意思，就选择哪个。没错，细节题的思路确实如此。可是，这么简单的几个步骤，是否真的就是如此的简单? 新东方在线的邓玥老师为我们详细的解析了拿下托福细节题该有的步骤：
一、找关键词
在托福阅读题目中找关键词，是解题的第一步。可是，关键词怎么找?什么样的词才能作为关键词?很多同学会这样回答：这还不简单!比较级和最高级，数字，大写。没错，这些都是我们常见的定位词。那么，用这样的方法，我们看看怎么来定位下面这道题。这是TPO28第一篇文章underground water中的第八题：
Q8 According to paragraph 2, what is the relationship between permeability and porosity?
A. The more pores a rock has, the higher its porosity but the lower its permeability
B. Rocks with many internal spaces that are not connected with each other will have high porosity but low permeability.
C. If water flows through a rock easily, it has permeability but low porosity.
D. Rocks that have high permeability have high porosity and vice versa.
这道题既没有大写，也没有时间，更没有比较级。看到这个题，许多学生就傻眼了，这该怎么去定位?定位词不仅仅是指我们之前所学过的，大写，比较级，还应该包括名词，形容词，动词等等，这些词都可以帮助我们来定位。因此，在这道题中，我们可以用relationship，permeability，和porosity来定位。为什么用这几个词来定位?因为题目问的是relationship。是谁的relationship?就是permeability和porosity之间的关系。
二、找关键词所在的句子
根据第一个步骤我们找到了相应的关键词，接下来该怎么做呢?有很多同学会说，回文章找呗。好，那我们回到相对应的文章中，来找一下关键词所在的句子。
Groundwater is stored in a variety of rock types. A groundwater reservoir from which water can be extracted is called an aquifer. We can effectively think of an aquifer as a deposit of water. Extraction of water depends on two properties of the aquifer: porosity, and permeability. Between sediment grains are spaces that can be filled with water. This pore space is known as porosity and is expressed as a percentage of the total rock volume. Porosity is important for water-storage capacity, but for water to flow through rocks, the pore spaces must be connected. The ability of water, or other fluids, to flow through the interconnected pore spaces in rocks is termed permeability. Fractures and joints have very high permeability. In the intergranular spaces of rocks, however, fluid must flow around and between grains in a tortuous path; this winding path causes a resistance to flow. The rate at which the flowing water overcomes this resistance is related to the permeability of rock.
我们来看一这下这段文字。在整段中，我们都没有找到含有 relationship 的句子。这个时候，大家所知道的——读关键词所在的句子——这条方式就行不通了。此时就需要大家先找出含有porosity 的句子：his pore space is known as porosity and is expressed as a percentage of the total rock volume，从这个句子中，我们可以知道，porosity 指的是岩石储藏水的能力。然后，我们再来找到含有permeability 的句子：The ability of water, or other fluids, to flow through the interconnected pore spaces in rocks is termed permeability，也就是说岩石的小孔连接起来，让水留过，这就是渗透性，也就是permeability。那么此时，我们再来理清楚二者的关系：岩石的储水能力，就是多孔性;岩石的小孔相联系，水能够流过，这就是渗透性。
三、运用排除法
读懂了关键的句子之后，我们再来看ABCD四个选项，如何用排除法来选出正确的答案。
A选项说，岩石的孔越多，多孔性就越高，渗透性越低。原文并没有说，多孔性越高，渗透性就越低。B选项说岩石的孔没有相连，那么就有高的多孔性和低的渗透性。这句话正好体现了原文的内容：多孔性是水的储存能力，小孔相连，水能留过，是渗透性。孔不相联系，那么水留过小孔的能力就自然很低。C是说如果水很容易的留过岩石的孔，就是有渗透性，但是多孔性很低。这个文章也没有说。D选项说岩石有高的渗透性就有高的多孔性，反之亦然。这个原文也没有说。
因此，大家在核对选项的时候，一定要记住，凡是文章中提到的才能够选，文章中没有提到的就不能够选。一定要符合文章。
根据上文中邓玥老师给我们的详细解题步骤，我们在做细节题时应该注意：
(1)找关键词。关键词包括名词，动词，形容词，比较级等等，不能仅仅局限于过去所学的大写，数字等等。
(2)找关键词所在句子。如果文章中没写出明确含有这个关键词的句子，那么我们需要读清楚文章的相关句，找到他们之间内在的逻辑联系。
(3)运用排除法。用排除法的时候一定要注意，要符合文章，文章中没有提到的一定是不能选的。
托福阅读细节题虽然看起来容易攻破，但依旧需要同学们有认真分析的耐心以及对于这类题型解题步骤的熟练度，正确运用邓玥老师的方法并且多加练习，相信每一位正在备考托福阅读的同学们都能在托福阅读细节题部分拿到尽量多的分数!
如何在一个月内快速攻克托福阅读
有些同学认为，托福和SAT或GRE相比是一门很 “二” 的考试。新东方在线的邓玥老师在实际的教学过程中经常会被很多学生问到这样一个问题：老师，我还有一个月左右的时间就要考试了，怎么样能够在这一个月的时候，拿到阅读的高分呢?邓玥老师为这门很 “二” 的考试总结了如何在一个月之内快速攻克阅读部分的方法，供各位童鞋理解和学习。
备考托福的同学在阅读部分大致有以下两大问题：
一、完全没有做题，对于做题方法不熟悉，需要如何在短期内提高托福阅读的分数。
在短短的一个月内，想要在托福的阅读部分获得一个较高的分数，还是需要不断的努力的。针对做题方法不熟悉这个问题，首先，需要大家在一个月的时间内，按照老师所讲的托福阅读的方法，来做大量的练习——刷题。俗话说 “纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行”，大多数学生一直都是在听老师讲解，托福阅读细节题怎么做，推断题怎么做，修辞目的题怎么做，但如果你自己没有认真的去做几套题，你是永远无法掌握老师口中所讲的方法的，也不能体会题干中的规律和奥妙。因此对于没有做过托福阅读练习的同学来说，首先要做的就是，通过多做练习来提高托福阅读做题方法的熟练度。对于做题方法都不太熟悉的同学来说，还是尽快的熟悉下托福阅读的题型，学习做题方法，进行练习，这样才能够达到最佳的效果。
二、经过了专门的学习和练习，有些同学们还是会经常做错题，及觉得做题时间不够等。
那么对于第二类同学，也是占绝大多数的同学来说，学会总结是至关重要的。既然我们都是经过了长时间的准备，对于托福阅读的题型也很了解，那为什么还是会有错题呢?
首先，大多数同学在做题的过程中，会遇到一个问题：不符合题干。也就是说，我们做题的过程当中，并没有完全的符合文章的意思。很多同学在找到关键句之后，总是“我以为…”“我认为…”可是，这些认为，并不符合文章的意思，这也是导致大部分同学做题出错的罪魁祸首之一。其次，不符合题干，并不仅仅指同学们自己想的部分，还包括大家自己做题的时候偷换概念。
让我们举TPO20当中的一道题进行说明，这道题非常有代表性：
Q6 According to paragraph 3, what was the significance of the land law passed in 1820?
A It granted government-supported loans to farmers.
B It provided farmland at an affordable price.
C It required banks to offer loans to farmers.
D It enabled farmers to sell their land for a profit.
大多数同学都能够通过1820这个年代找到原文中相关的描写部分：In 1820 under a new land law, a farm could be bought for 100. The continued proliferation of banks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loans in paper money. (在18，通过了一个新的土地法案，一个农场用100美元就能够买下。)这句话的意思非常简单，但是为什么还是有这么多同学会选错呢? 原因就是因为他们所关注的是法案的内容，而不是题目中所问的法案的重要性。这就是我们所说的，大家自己在偷换概念。此时，需要大家再次看清审题。因此建议同学们应采纳的做题顺序为：读题目找关键词---读句子---再次读题---选出正确选项。这样做的好处是既让大家看清楚题目，又能快而准确的解题。有时候因为题目没有读仔细，我们会出现重复看文段的现象，这样就降低了做题速度。不重复地去读文段，是解决托福阅读做题速度慢的最佳方法。
托福阅读素材之“慢艺术
Slow art is art created or presented in a way that encourages unhurried viewing and deep contemplation; a work of art that unfolds over a long time.
“慢艺术”是为了鼓励人们从容观看和深思而创造或展示的艺术，是让你花长时间去欣赏的一件艺术品。
Famous art critic Robert Hughes wrote that “We have had a gutful of fast art and fast food. What we need more of is slow art: art that holds time as a vase holds water; art that grows out of modes of perception and whose skill and doggedness make you think and feel; art that isn’t merely sensational, that doesn’t get its message across in 10 seconds, that isn’t falsely iconic, that hooks onto something deep-running in our natures.”
著名艺术评论家罗伯特?休斯曾写道：“我们已经受够了快艺术和快餐。我们更需要的是慢艺术：那些能承载时间的艺术，就像花瓶能承载水一样;那些领会了各种感知方式，灵活又固执地让你去思考和感受的艺术;那些不只带来一时震撼，也不会在10秒内迅速传递信息的艺术，这种艺术不是虚假的偶像文化，而是直抵人性深处的真实。”
A number of museums now offer “slow art” tours or days that encourage visitors to take their time. Rather than check master works off a list as if on a scavenger hunt, you can make a sprawling museum digestible and personal by seeking out only those works that dovetail with your interests.
不少博物馆现在都提供“慢艺术”游览项目或鼓励游客从容观赏的“慢艺术日”。你不必像食腐动物狩猎一般把大师杰作飞速地一览而尽，而是可以找出那些对你口味的作品，然后慢慢地去消化吸收，让你的博物馆之旅变得个性化
托福阅读素材之“谷歌帮你保存搜索记录”
From medical problems to travel plans, your Google searches can reveal a intimate snapshot of your life.
从健康问题到旅行计划，谷歌搜索记录就是你私人生活的简介。
While it can be easy to forget these searches, if you were logged into a Google account, all these queries have been saved.
尽管这些内容很容易就被人们忘记，不过，如果你登录了谷歌账号，所有这些浏览记录都会被储存。
Now Google is offering users the option of downloading their entire search archive, as well as deleting part, or all, of the record.
目前，谷歌为用户提供了储存他们全部浏览记录的技术支持，用户也可以选择部分删除或者全部删除他们的浏览记录。
The feature exports your searches to Google Drive in a ZIP archive, with files divided by year and quarter.
所有数据都会被存储到谷歌云端硬盘压缩包，文件夹的内容则按年份和季度分类存储。
'You can download all of your saved search history to see a list of the terms you've searched for,' a Google support page says.
谷歌在其支持页面上称，“你可以下载你的所有谷歌搜索记录，看你曾经搜过什么。”
'This gives you access to your data when and where you want.'
“这样你就可以随时随地查看这些数据。”
To download your history visit history.google.com and log in with your Google account.
登陆谷歌账户，进入history.google.com页面，即可下载你的搜索历史。
Then click onto a calendar view to take a look at what you searched for on any given date.
然后就可以通过点击日历视图，查看任何一天你的浏览记录了。
For those who want to keep a record of their Google searches, clicking the settings button on the top right corner can download the database.
想要保存个人全部谷歌搜索数据的话，只要点击右上角的设置键进行下载即可。
Items in search can be deleted by checking the box next to them and clicking the 'remove items' option.
删除浏览内容可以查看旁边的选框，然后点“删除内容”选项。
To delete your entire search history, click settings, remove items and pick a time frame, such 'from the beginning of time'.
想要删除个人全部搜索历史的话，点击设置、删除内容，然后选择开始及截止日期(例如从最早的记录开始)。
Google stresses that only account holders can see their data.
谷歌公司强调，只有注册用户才能查看自己的这些数据。
The company has also warned user not download the search archive on a public computer to maintain privacy.
谷歌也提醒用户不要在公用电脑上备份个人搜索数据以避免泄露隐私。
According to the unofficial Google Operating System Blog, the California-based began testing its download feature last year.
一个名为“谷歌操作系统”的非官方博客称，总部位于加州的谷歌公司于去年开始测试这项下载技术。
It follows similar moves by groups such as Facebook who have made it easier for users to access their archived content following privacy concerns.
这与“脸书”等网站出于隐私考虑实现用户个人资料备份是类似的性质，而且脸书的下载还更容易些。
Vocabulary
snapshot：快照
top right corner：右上角
archived：存档的;已归档的
托福阅读插入题实例解析
篇5：托福阅读句子简化题解题思路实例分析
下面，我们来看官方真题Official3Desertification这篇文章的句子简化题：
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendousnumbers of people affect ed, as well as from thegreat difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
A Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects largeareas of land and great numbers of people.
B Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread overlarge areas of land.
C The spread of deserts is considered a very seriousproblem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countriesare involve d in the effort .
D Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless thepopulation is reduced in the vast areas affected.
很多托福考生在做句子简化题时，习惯性地把待简化的句子翻译成中文，那样做其实不仅慢，而且很容易乱。
正确的做法是：
1.找出句子的主谓宾，也就是谁做了什么，然后关注句子的逻辑关系。例题的主语是：seriousness of desertification，逻辑关系词是表示原因的：result from，所以我们可以优先看有表示原因的选项，他们中若有正确答案，那么剩下的选项就无需过问了。这样做不仅快，而且效率高。我们不难发现：A选项中有because;B选项中有because of;所以我们先看这两个选项。
2.我们还发现原因用as well as相连，说明是两个原因，一个是影响land和people，一个是reverse和slowthe process很难。A选项正确表达了句意，而B选项把原文中并列的两个原因变成了因果关系，很明显是错的。
托福阅读经典好句积累
1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.
戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。
2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。
3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.
十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调——从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果——的乐器。
4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.
虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说，电影从来就不是没有声音的。
5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.
多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。
托福阅读中的易错词汇积累
1、quite 相当 quiet 安静地
2、affect v 影响, 假装 effect n 结果, 影响
3、adapt 适应 adopt 采用 adept 内行
4、angel 天使 angle 角度
5、dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记
6、contend 奋斗, 斗争 content 内容, 满足的 context 上下文 contest 竞争, 比赛
7、principal 校长, 主要的 principle 原则
8、implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的
9、dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放弃 dissert 写论文
10、pat 轻拍 tap 轻打 slap 掌击 rap 敲，打
11、decent 正经的 descent n 向下, 血统 descend v 向下
12、sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水
13、later 后来 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近
14、costume 服装 custom习惯
15、extensive 广泛的 intensive 深刻的
16、aural 耳的 oral 口头的
17、abroad 国外 aboard 上(船，飞机、
18、altar 祭坛 alter 改变
19、assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音
20、champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒 campaign 战役
21、baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古仓
22、beam 梁， 光束 bean 豆 been have 过去式
23、precede proceed 进行，继续
24、pray 祈祷 prey 猎物
25、chicken 鸡 kitchen 厨房
26、monkey 猴子 donkey 驴
27、chore 家务活 chord 和弦 cord 细绳
28、cite 引用 site 场所 sight 视觉
29、clash (金属)幢击声 crash 碰幢，坠落 crush 压坏
30、compliment 赞美 complement 附加物
31、confirm 确认 conform 使顺从
32、contact 接触 contract 合同 contrast 对照
33、council 议会 counsel 忠告 consul 领事
34、crow 乌鸦 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛
35、dose 一剂药 doze 打盹
36、drawn draw 过去分词 drown 溺水
托福阅读常考词汇的积累
enroll to one = combine
complement = supplement = add to
substitute = replace
so far = until present = up to now
rooted in = based on
make their way = travel
vulnerable--open to break-open to attack -- weak --susceptible
perishable 容易腐烂的= easy to spoil
Seething 沸腾的 --- overflowing/excited/active
float = stay on the top
be consistent with = be compatible with
property 财产，特征 = characteristic = attribute (名词意为“特征，属性”)
simulated ---- artificial
sort --- type -- kind
staggering摇晃的; 犹豫的; 压倒的(多数) =overwhelming
string线, 绳子; 一行, 一系列 =series
swell -- enlargement --- expand
tract- area - terrain
symmetric 对称的，均衡的 --- balance
taper 逐渐变小 --- diminish --- 收缩
tenet --- principle/belief
turn = change
vast - immense - extensive
with the ordinary citizen's pocketbook = affordable
advent = arrival
affair = matter
chronic --- constant - confirmed 慢性的;证实的
consequence = result/importance
counter = oppose
countervail 补偿，抵消; 对抗 = compensate/oppose
distinction = differentiation/excellence/honor
distribution = dispersion = dispersal
embed = implant
euphoric = extremely happy
flake = fragment
hinder 阻碍，打扰= interfere with
ladings 船货= cargos shipment
mandatory = required, obligatory
mundane 世俗的，平凡的= ordinary
篇6：托福阅读句子简化题怎么做
句子简化题其实是货真价实的Paraphrase，一般就是给出长难句，让选择跟原文意思最为相近的选项。
这种题需要一定的把握长难句的能力，也需要一定的语法基础。如果考过GMAT的，做惯了Sentence Correction的同学应该觉得不太难。这种题还需要多练习，小编也从技巧的角度来作出一些解释。
按照托福官方指南OG的解释是，错误选项通常犯了如下两个错误：一是与原文意思相悖，二是漏掉了原文重要的内容。要解决这个问题，首先应该把句子的主要成分，即主谓宾按照小学时候学过的缩句方法提炼出来，明白句子的主要意思，再到选项中去找合适的。选的时候一定要再三斟酌，切忌看了某一个选项就做出决定而不管其它三个。
篇7：托福阅读句子简化题怎么做
用官方指南OG29页例题举例，把原句缩句：Since laws have determined form, forms can vary within certain limits. 其中B选项忽略掉了forms can vary…的意思;C，D选项后半句的意思跟原文相反;分别都犯了上述两种错误之一。所以选A。只要能准确把握原文的意思，难度不大。如果时间足够充足，我建议用GMAT的SC部分来锻炼把握长难句的能力，对阅读也有好处。不过大概需要1到2周的时间，不适合于时间紧张的考生。
托福阅读题最重要的是找到阅读段的主题句，分析出出题者的意图，然后根据文章关键词进行答题。考生在做托福阅读题的时候需要重视开头段，结尾段和过渡段，在这三个地方，一般会包含着托福阅读段的真实题义。
想要在托福阅读中考出理想成绩，除了对题型、解题技巧有深入了解之外，更重要的是平时多看多练，才能在考试中灵活的使用解题技巧。
托福阅读背景之外星人来地球度假
Government officials believe aliens may visit Earth and suggest harnessing UFO technology for UK defences, files say.
Documents from the Ministry of Defence classified archives show staff believed aliens could visit for “military reconnaissance”, “scientific” research or “tourism”.
In a 1995 briefing now published by the National Archives, a desk officer said the purpose of reported alien craft sightings “needs to be established as a matter of priority”, adding there did not appear to be “hostile intent”.
The unnamed official said it was “essential that we start with open minds”, explaining “what is scientific ‘fact’ today may not be true tomorrow”.
Clarifying he did not “talk to little green men every night”, he said: “We have a remit that we have never satisfied. That is, we do not now (sic) if UFOs exist.
“If they do exist, we do not know what they are, their purpose or if they pose a threat to the UK.
“If the sightings are of devices not of the earth then their purpose needs to be established as a matter of priority. There has been no apparent hostile intent and other possibilities are: 1) Military reconnaissance; 2) Scientific; 3) Tourism.”
He added that “if reports are taken at face value” they showed extraterrestrial vehicles had “a very wide range of speeds and are stealthy”.
Thus, he suggested, “we could use this technology, if it exists”.
His briefing document lists possible reasons for UFO sightings, including mass hallucinations, US aircraft, “atmospheric events” and hoaxes, but indicated none provide a fully convincing explanation.
It adds there are “some indications that the reported incidents are only the tip of an iceberg and many people do not wish to risk embarrassment and so do not report sightings”.
He also noted that the number of reports of “strange objects in the skies” increased dramatically after the Second World War, with most sightings coming from “farmers, policemen, doctors and lovers”.
在英政府公布的一批有关UFO的机密文档中，英政府官员称外星人可能造访地球，并提议利用外星人高超的飞行器技术为英国国防服务。
国防部机密档案的文件显示，有官员认为外星人造访地球可能是为了进行军事侦察，科学研究，或者度假观光。
在国家档案馆公布的一份1995年的简报中，一名事务员称应首先确认报告中的外星人乘飞行器到地球的目的，并称他们看起来并无“敌意”。
这位匿名官员还说：“重要的是，我们要有开放的思想，”并解释道“今天的科学‘事实’，到了明天可能并不正确。”
他澄清他从未“夜夜与小绿人谈话。”他说：“有一项工作我们一直没能实现。那就是，我们不知道UFO是否存在。”
“如果他们确实存在，我们也并不知道他们是什么物种，有什么目的，或是否会对英国造成威胁。”
“如果这些目击事件所观测到的装置不是地球上的，那么应首先确认这些外来者的目的。目前并未发现他们有明显的敌意，其他的可能目的有：1)军事侦察;2)科学研究;3)度假观光。”
他还说“若从表面上来看报告的内容”，外星人使用的交通工具速度奇快，而且应该具有隐形功能。
因此，他提议：“如果这种交通工具存在，我们可以利用它的技术。”
他在简报文件中列出了出现UFO目击事件的几种可能，其中包括集体幻觉，可能看到的是美国飞行器，可能是某种大气现象，甚至可能是恶作剧，但都没有做出能够完全令人信服的解释。
报告中还“暗示报告上来的UFO目击事件只是冰山一角，因为怕尴尬等原因，许多人并没有对政府报告自己的‘发现’。”
他还指出，在二战之后，报告“天空中出现奇异物体”的事件出现了迅猛增长，大部分报告者为“农民、警察、医生以及情侣”。
托福阅读背景：茶和咖啡哪个更适合你
Countless arguments have been waged over the superiority of one beverage over the other. But what does the scientific evidence say?
关于这两种饮料孰优孰劣的问题已经引发了无数争论。但是科学证据是怎样的呢?
George Orwell may have written that “tea is one of the mainstays of civilization in this country” – but even we British have to acknowledge that our national drink is facing stiff competition from the espressos, cappuccinos, and lattes invading our shores.
乔治·奥威尔或许写过“茶是这个国家文明的一个支柱”这样的句子——但我们英国人也要承认，随着浓咖啡、卡布奇诺和拿铁侵入国门，我们的全民饮料正面临着激烈的竞争。
Despite the dangers of wading into such a charged argument, BBC Future decided to weigh up the relative merits of each drink. There’s no accounting for taste, of course, but we have combed the scientific literature for their real, measurable effects on our body and mind.
尽管探讨这个敏感话题充满风险，“BBC未来”栏目还是决定对每种饮品的相对优点进行评估。当然，百人百味，但通过精心梳理科学文献，我们找出了它们对人体和大脑真实的、可测量的影响。
The wake-up call
醒脑剂
For many, the caffeine kick is the primary reason we choose either beverage; it’s the oil to our engines when we’re still feeling a bit creaky in the morning. Based purely on its composition, coffee should win hands down: a cup of tea has about half the dose (40 milligrams) of the stimulant caffeine that you would find in a standard cup of brewed filter coffee (80 to 115 milligrams). Yet this doesn’t necessarily reflect the jolt of the wake-up call.
对许多人来说，咖啡因的兴奋作用是我们选择这两种饮料的主要原因;在睡眼惺忪的清晨，咖啡因就像石油一样，给我们身体的引擎以能量。只考虑成分的话，咖啡可以轻松获胜：一杯茶的咖啡因含量(40毫克)大约只有标准杯过滤咖啡(80至115毫克)的一半。然而，这并非反映了它们的醒脑作用。
Dosing subjects with either tea or coffee, one study found that both beverages left subjects feeling similarly alert later in the morning.
通过让被试者饮用一定量的茶或咖啡，一项研究发现，这两种饮料都能让受试者在早晨晚些时候感到同样清醒。
Verdict: Against logic, tea seems to provide just as powerful a wake-up call as coffee. It’s a draw.
结论：虽然逻辑上讲不通，但茶跟咖啡的醒脑作用似乎不相上下。平局。
Sleep quality
睡眠质量
The biggest differences between coffee and tea may emerge once your head hits the pillow.
咖啡和茶之间最大的差异或许将集中体现在睡眠上。
Comparing people drinking the same volume of tea or coffee over a single day, researchers at the University of Surrey in the UK confirmed that although both drinks lend similar benefits to your attention during the day, coffee drinkers tend to find it harder to drop off at night – perhaps because the higher caffeine content finally catches up with you.
通过对比研究每天饮用等量的茶或咖啡的人，英国萨里大学的研究人员证实，尽管两种饮料在白天对注意力集中的作用差不多，但或许是因为咖啡里的咖啡因含量更高，喝咖啡的人晚上更难入睡。
Tea drinkers, in contrast, had longer and more restful slumbers.
相比之下，喝茶的人睡得更久更香。
Verdict: Tea offers many of the benefits of coffee, without the sleepless nights – a clear win.
结论：茶不仅拥有咖啡的许多好处，还不会带来不眠之夜——完胜
Tooth staining
牙齿变黄
Along with red wine, coffee and tea are both known to turn our pearly whites a murky yellow and brown. But which is worse?
众所周知，红酒、咖啡和茶都会把洁白的牙齿慢慢染成暗黄色或棕褐色。但哪个最糟糕?
Most dentists seem to agree that tea’s natural pigments are more likely to adhere to dental enamel than coffee’s – particularly if you use a mouthwash containing the common antiseptic chlorhexidine, which seems to attract and bind to the microscopic particles.
大多数牙医似乎一致认为，茶中的天然色素比咖啡的更易附着于牙釉质之上——尤其当你使用常见的洗必泰漱口水时，其中的消毒洗必泰能吸引并聚合微观粒子。
Verdict: If you want a perfect smile, coffee may be the lesser of two evils.
结论：如果你想展现完美笑容，两害相权取其轻，咖啡也许还好一点。
A balm for troubled souls…
不安灵魂的慰藉……
In England, it’s common to give “tea and sympathy” to a distressed friend – the idea being that a cup of Earl Grey is medicine for troubled minds. In fact, there is some evidence that tea can soothe your nerves: regular tea drinkers do tend to show a calmer physiological response to unsettling situations (such as public speaking), compared to people drinking herbal infusions. Overall, people who drink three cups a day appear to have a 37% lower risk of depression than those who do not drink tea.
英国人喜欢给烦恼苦闷的朋友送去“茶与同情”——这是由于他们认为伯爵茶能够治愈不安的灵魂。事实上，有证据表明，茶可以舒缓神经：与喝中草药的人相比，经常饮茶者在处理一些令人不安的情况(如公开演讲)时确实表现得更为镇静。总的来说，每天喝三杯茶的人比不喝茶的人罹患抑郁症的风险要低37%。
Coffee doesn’t have the same reputation; indeed, some report that it makes them feel like their nerves are jangling. Yet there is some evidence that it too may protect against long-term mental health problems. A recent “meta-analysis” (summarising the results of studies involving more than 300,000 participants) found that each cup of coffee a day seems to reduce your risk of developing depression by around 8%. In contrast, other beverages (such as sweetened soft drinks) only increase your risk of developing mental health problems.
咖啡并没有这种功效;事实上，有些人觉得咖啡会让人有些神经错乱。但是也有证据表明，咖啡能预防长期精神问题。最近的一项“荟萃分析”(总结了超过30万名参与者的研究结果)发现，每天一杯咖啡的人患抑郁症的风险比常人要低大约8%。相比之下，其他饮料(如甜味软饮)只会增加患精神疾病的风险。
Verdict: Based on this limited evidence, it’s a draw.
结论：基于有限的证据，平局。
…and a balm for bodies……
身体的万金油
Similarly tantalising, though preliminary, epidemiological studies have suggested that both coffee and tea offer many other health-giving benefits. A few cups of either beverage a day appears to reduce your risk of diabetes, for instance.
流行病学研究虽然才刚刚起步，但也很吸睛。该领域研究表明，咖啡和茶都对身体还有其它益处。例如，每天喝几杯会降低患糖尿病的风险。
Both drinks also seem to moderately protect the heart, although the evidence seems to be slightly stronger for coffee, while tea also appears to be slightly protective against developing a range of cancers – perhaps because of its antioxidants.
饮用这两种饮料能对心脏起到一定的保护作用，尽管证据显示似乎咖啡的功效更强，但许是因为茶中的抗氧化剂，茶对预防癌症也有些许功效。
Verdict: Another draw – both drinks are a surprising, health-giving elixir.
结论：还是平局——这两种饮料都是神奇的、有益健康的灵丹妙药。
Overall verdict: Much as we Brits would have liked tea to come out the clear victor, we have to admit there is little between the two drinks besides personal taste. Based solely on the fact that it allows you to get a better night’s sleep, we declare tea the winner.
总结：大部分英国人都会觉得茶很明显更胜一筹。但除了个人口味，必须承认的是两者的差异并不大。仅仅基于能让人好眠这一点，茶无疑是赢家。
Vocabulary
pigment: 色素
dental enamel: 牙釉质
antioxidant: 抗氧化剂
elixir: 万能药
篇8：托福阅读如何做好句子简化题
托福阅读如何做好句子简化题?高速应对技巧实例指点
托福阅读句子简化题应对思路：学会改句子
高手都很擅长改写句子，也就是要换句话来表达同样的意思。也就是in other words，这个能力在sentence simplification题型里，淋漓尽致地体现了考官此意图，比如原文这么说：
One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun, but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.
正确选项则是长这样：
One explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to an optical illusion under special light conditions, but green icebergs appear distinct from other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.
这种题目要求我们抓住句子的主要含义，也就是句子的主要结构，对于这个句子则是一个逻辑转折词but，那么我们在做题的时候就需要找到选项里也含有转折含义词，然后在此转折词(but)前后的句子分别找出自己的主干结构相对应
前面部分句子是冰山颜色(their color/the color of green icebergs)在某些条件下(by a near-horizon red Sun/special light conditions)是视错觉(optical illusion/optical illusion)导致的。
后面部分句子是说绿冰山(green icebergs/green icebergs)在某些条件下( under a great variety of light conditions/under a great variety of light conditions)会出现在白色冰山和蓝色冰山之间(stand out among white and blue icebergs/appear distinct from other icebergs)。像这样把句子拆分开来，即是整句翻译有困难，也不会影响我们做题了。
托福阅读：比较级的“陷阱”
Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions
A. Cause some deer to hibernate
B. Make food unavailable in the highlands for deer
C. Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants
D. Prevent deer from migrating during the winter
解题思路：这是一道推断题，那么根据题干中winter condition我们可以去原文中找到相关线索。然而这里并没有出现一模一样的定位词，所以我们需要找到表达相同概念的意群(同义替换)，比如：late fall 深秋/初冬，snow雪。这些词都和winter condition传达了一样的概念。所以我们可以发现，答案应该就出现在最后两句话里：
Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
有些聪明的宝宝发现后面有个even表示让步转折，老师敲黑板说过：“有转折的地方一定是重点，会出题!”这句话的意思是：尽管地上有雪，高高的灌木层依然暴露在外面。
看到这里，很多宝宝应该知道答案就是C：冬季条件让鹿更容易找到灌木层。如果你选了C，很抱歉，你掉进坑里了，C是迷惑性选项，正确答案应该是B。
下面就让我们一起看看，在中文和英语中表达比较的差异性。
ETS作为一个非营利性机构(Welcome To Facebook!)，出一套托福试题的成本大概是80万美元，目前中国的报名费更是以每月50的幅度上涨。很多宝宝不理解，为何成本要这么高?钱都花在哪里了?
对于阅读来说，钱基本都花在出迷惑性选项上了。每一个选项都是ETS精雕细琢出来的，他们非常了解其他国家学生的语言习惯，以及在学习英语中会遇到的误区，其中英语和中文在表达比较方面，有很大的差异。
上面的表格中我列举了一些重要的中英表达比较的不同，其他还有很多我就不多做赘述了。
聪明的宝宝们应该发现了，在表达的过程中，中文的语言习惯往往重心在后面，强调结果，而英文则是逻辑性更强，着重于整个句型结构。换句话讲，英语里的比较级更加直观，中文的比较级相对没那么明显。比如我说：“小明你变这么瘦呀~”，小明此时脑子里只有一个概念：我在说他瘦。然而他却忽略的我暗示他之前比现在胖的这个重点。ETS就抓住了我们这一语言习惯，经常在这里出迷惑性选项。
那么我们回到刚才那一题：
Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions
A. Cause some deer to hibernate
B. Make food unavailable in the highlands for deer
C. Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants
D. Prevent deer from migrating during the winter
C选项翻译成中文是冬季条件让鹿更容易找到灌木层。很多宝宝都会把英文翻译成中文理解，那么按照我们的语言习惯，此时我们会忽略选项前方的很重要的比较级，而把关注点放在后面的找到灌木丛，因此很多人就选择了C选项。
那么该如何规避这个习惯呢?
1. 培养对英文语言的比较级的敏感度，如果你全身都不敏感，那么建议宝宝们每次看题之前先找找看选项有没有比较级，然后回原文确定。
2. 只要发现比较级，立刻确定三件事：
a.比较的主体(谁和谁比)
b.比较的内容(他俩比的是啥)
c.比较的结果(他俩比的怎么样)
看起来很简单的思路，但是很多宝宝做题时会忘记，所以希望各位一定记住这个框架结构。
再次回到刚才那道题，我们仔细看C选项 ：Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants。首先需要先找到主体：谁和谁在比较....... 我们会惊人的发现，原来文章里根本没有比较，所以C是完完全全的错误选项。可是如果选项改成Make it easy for deer to locate understory plants，那么这个选项就对了。
理解了这个考点之后，我们再一起来做一个简单的题吧(微笑)：
Throughout most of Earth's history, glaciers did not exist, but at the present time about 10 percent of Earth's land surface is covered by glaciers. Present-day glaciers are found in Antarctica, in Greenland, and at high elevations on all the continents except Australia. In the recent past, from about 2.4 million to about 10,000 years ago, nearly a third of Earth's land area was periodically covered by ice thousands of meters thick. In the much more distant past, other ice ages have occurred.
According to paragraph 5, in what way is the present time unusual in the history of Earth?
A. There are glaciers.
B. More land is covered by glaciers than at any time in the past.
C. There is no ice age.
D. No glaciers are found in Australia.
这一题答案就是我英文名的首字母啦，看看你有没有选对?如果实在无法理解这一题，欢迎随时联系我。最后希望各位宝宝们加油背单词，再送给大家一句话：
The most proud thing is to DIE in the glory of battle against TOEFL!
托福阅读：如何选择合适的英文原著
在阅读考试中能力更为重要?
很多刚来新东方上课的同学总有一个梦想，就是希望我们老师可以传授他一套神秘的做题技巧，学到之后就可以在单词不认识，句子看不懂的情况下答对题目。所以当我第一节课想跟学生分析长难句时，有的同学就有点小失望，说自己考试很急，希望可以直接先学做题套路，这时候我就要跟他讲道理了。我说，这就好像我有一本射雕英雄传里的九阴真经，要是拿出来直接给你练，你啥内功也没有，相信我，你一定会走火入魔练成神经病的，郭靖之所以可以练，是因为他学会了全真教正确的呼吸吐纳练内功的方法，并且已经有很深厚的内功积累了，再练各种真经，就是锦上添花迅速进步了。
所以说，我们想要提高阅读考试的成绩，最根本的还是提高自己的阅读能力，这里的能力包括积累一定的词汇量，掌握分析各种长难句分析的方法，通俗的讲，就是要真的能看懂题目看懂文章，这样的话，最后再学个做题套路，基本就是稳稳的高分了。我印象特别深的就是几年前带过的一个冲刺班，班里五个同学，程度都不错，就是我所说的能够看懂文章的同学，所以在学完课程后，五个同学中有四个轻松考到了28，29，29，30这样的分数，我没有花太多额外的力气，他们也没有特别痛苦，就拿到了理想的分数。而一些基础特别弱的同学，词汇量不够，句子看不懂，就吃力多了，哪怕学会了所有技巧，依旧很可能在个位数徘徊，分数由天定，看当天考试运气。而从个位数冲两位数就无论如何逃不掉能力积累的过程了。因此，哪怕是应试，我也是非常不赞成临时抱佛脚的，功夫一定是下在前面的，这也是为什么我希望大家可以尽早的开始积累，开始阅读。
为什么希望大家不仅要阅读，
还要把阅读变成习惯?
阅读能力的培养主要是词汇积累和长难句的理解分析，我个人觉得，又有效又有趣的学习积累方法，就是原文书的阅读了。首先原文书的阅读对提高词汇量非常有帮助。大家应该都有背厚厚的词汇书的体验，背到把单词的位置都记下来了，但偏偏单词出现在文章里又想不起来意思。这是因为大家在背单词时，总是习惯只看离单词最近的中文释义，懒得去研究单词的语境，如果碰到记忆过的很熟悉的单词就更不会去琢磨这个单词真正的含义了，导致的结果就是碰到语境无法产生条件反射，碰到词汇题各种栽更头，可以给大家举一个TPO24的词汇题的例子：
gain 大家都认识的，获得，有同学就觉得很奇怪了，选项没有一个翻译出来是“获得”的意思，想要去上下文推断，这其实是不对的，我们要思考的应该是什么叫“获得”，以及gain 这个词一般出现在怎样的语境里面。如果你看到过这样的语境，说：某人最近吃的特别多，然后gain weight了，我想这个词汇题就完全难不倒你了，因为你知道这里的获得重量就是增重的意思，是lose weight的反义词。那刚刚的词汇题就肯定毫不犹豫选increases了。养成阅读习惯的好处，就是加强词汇在语境中意思的记忆，带着语境认识的单词才是你真正认识，真正理解的单词，同时，读文章过程中反复遇到单词，就是一遍遍加深记忆的过程，词汇记忆的奥义就是重复，反复记忆，阅读提供了这样的机会。
除了对单词积累的帮助，多看句子肯定是可以加强语感的，反复阅读反复练习长难句理解的方法，从看不大懂，到有点看懂，到可以慢慢看懂，最后可以熟练看懂，就是阅读能力最大的成长了。当然，光心血来潮读几天是没有用的，读书讲求坚持，一开始会比较痛苦，但如果可以坚持看完一本书的10%，接下来会越来越轻松，会沉浸到作者的世界里，会获得成就感。这时，你便有能力拥有一个世界上最经济的兴趣爱好了——阅读。
如何挑选适合自己阅读水平的原文书
最后，关于怎样挑选合适自己阅读的英文书。首先大家要知道英语书分为小说类和非小说类，其中小说的难度往往是大于非小说的，而托福考试因为是语言类考试，选取的是相对语言难度低一些的非小说类的学术文章，而像SAT和ACT这样的考试，就会涉及到小说类文章。备考托福的同学，可以优先选择非小说类文章，而之后还要备考SAT或ACT考试的同学就可以循序渐进到小说类文章的阅读了。
选择适合自己的阅读材料要遵循三个原则：一是要感兴趣，二是要有质量保证，三是要难度适中。英文阅读本身就是一件有挑战的事儿，如果文章话题再让人提不起兴趣，那谁都很难坚持下去。比如，有的同学对世界政治、经济等话题很感兴趣，可以选择坚持阅读《经济学人》，有的同学喜欢有点小文艺的文章，可以读读《纽约客》，如果有同学不仅备考托福，还要备考SAT，经典小说也是不错的选择。还有同学如果真的对这些都不感冒，任何有点兴趣的原文书都是可以的，哈利波特可以，____都可以，总比不读书强。
当然一定要保证阅读材料的质量。千万不要选择网上没有可靠来源的文章，而要选择正规出版物，以免受到误导。 最后，寻找难度适中的读物。刚刚我已经给大家推荐了一个阅读能力测评网站，大家的蓝思指数可以在ReadingPro官网通过阅读测试获得。下面就告诉大家原文书的蓝思指数在哪里，除了刚刚的ReadingPro官网也有不少读物的蓝思指数，更多更权威的原文书原文材料的蓝思指数是可以在蓝思官网www.lexile.com查询得到的，二者之间进行匹配就可以找到难度适中的读物了。比如我的蓝思指数是1600，那我就可以选择蓝思指数在1500-1650之间的书本进行阅读了。
有了合适的阅读材料，我们就要选择适合自己的阅读方式了。现在的阅读渠道比较多，除了纸质书，还可以从网页上，手机App上和Kindle上进行阅读。我个人比较推荐的是纸质书和Kindle。网页和手机比较容易让人在阅读时分心，同时屏幕对眼睛也不是特别好，不推荐使用。如果实在客观条件只允许使用电脑网页的话，可以选择依旧在ReadingPro的平台上阅读，他的优势是界面比较友好，有大量免费的经典文学名著和分级读物可供大家在网页上进行阅读，平台还自带查词功能。我个人最喜欢的是Kindle, 电子油墨屏跟纸张感觉很像，看久了也不会累，而且现在Kindle格式的书本网上资源非常多，大家只要百度书名.mobi就可以搜到Kindle上可以阅读的书本了。
