英语科技论文写作的常用句式
【简介】感谢网友“Zazaᐝ”参与投稿，下面就是小编给大家分享的英语科技论文写作的常用句式（共12篇），希望大家喜欢!
篇1：英语科技论文写作的常用句式
英语科技论文写作的常用句式
研究现状模块的常用句式
研究现状模块，主要阐述其他学者、也包括作者本人与论文要探讨的问题或现象相关的研究工作，通常先“总”后“分”地陈述。研究现状这部分的目的是引出存在的问题。
“总述”常用一个句子概括相关的研究工作，一般用现在完成时：
(1)用主动语态时，常用researcher／author／investigator／writer等作主语，如：Many／Several／A number of／Few researchers have studied／investigated／examined／explored／reported on／discussed／considered+研究主题．
(2)用被动语态时，常用study／research／investigation／experiment／work／attention等作主语。如果描述“研究主题”的单词少，那么“研究主题”可置于句中，如：Many studies／researches／investigationes／experimentes on+研究主题+have been performed／done／published．当描述“研究主题”的单词较多时，可置于句末，如：Much work／attention has been performed／done／published on+研究主题．
用被动语态时，也可用“研究主题”作主语，如：研究主题+has been studied／investigated／examined／explored／reported on／discussed／considered by many investigators／several researchers／a number of authors／few writers．又如：The study of+研究主题+has been widely reported／found／published in the literature．
“分述”是具体地介绍他人所做的相关研究成果。需要注意的是，这部分所列参考文献要准确、全面，不能堆积，更不能将每篇参考文献的摘要抄一遍，而是要概括出与论文研究有关的要点：
(1)用主动语态时，可用学者的姓氏作主语(下例中用somebody替代了学者的姓氏)。常采用过去时(也可用现在完成时)。值得一提的是，文献[1]只总结了下述第一、二种句式，事实上，笔者发现第三种句式比前两种句式更常见得多：
第一种是主从复合句，如：Somebody showed/found/reported／noted／suggested／observed／pointed out+that从句。其中that从句是叙述somebody所做的'具体研究成果。
第二种是并列两个句子，第一句仅描述某位学者的研究活动，第二句才叙述其研究成果。如：Somebody studied／researched／investigated／explored／examined the effect of X on Y．He／They found+that从句．
第三种是简单句，直接介绍某学者的研究工作，如：Somebody investigated／has investigated+研究内容(+by／using X method)。当依次介绍多位学者的研究工作时，为避免单调，可根据不同的研究内容轮换使用下述动词，如study，solve，seek，describe，predict，carry out，emply，develop，find，calculate，analyse，obtain，present，propose，report，account for，take into account，establish等.
(2)采用被动语态的简单句，用研究内容作主语。如：研究内容+ was/has been investigated+by somebody using X method．
指出问题模块的常用句式
指出问题模块是在阐述和分析研究现状之后，指出仍有某个(或某些)问题或现象值得进一步研究，目的是在“研究现状”模块与“研究目的或内容”模块之间起到承上启下的作用，通常1—2个句子即可。可以用 It should be mentioned that引导，例如：It should be mentioned that in all references discussed above the foundation has been assumed to be linear in order to simplify the model．但更常见的是用However引出：
(1) 阐述“对于论文将要开展的工作，已有文献没有考虑”时，可用现在完成时被动语态的句式，如：However，论文中将要展开的研究工作+have not been considered／have not been taken into account／have been ignored／have been neglected in the mentioned above studies／researches／works／investigations．
(2) 阐述“对于论文将要开展的工作，已有文献研究得较少”时，可以使用形容词rare，通常用现在时，如：However，the literature／work／research／attention concerning+论文将要展开的研究工作+is rare．但是，更常见的情况是：用 few，little 或 no 等修饰词引出。用 little 或 no 来修饰 work，literature，research 及 attention 等不可数单数名词，用 few 或 no 来修饰studies，papers，researchers 及 investigators 等可数的复数名词；后面通常用现在完成时或现在时。
现在完成时的句式：However, few studies have been done on／few studies have been published on／few studies have reported on／few researchers have studied／little research has been devoted to／little attention has been paid to／little information has been published concerning／no work has been done on／no systematic research has been dedicated to+论文将要开展的工作．
现在时的句式：However, little literature is available on／litile is known about／there is little literature available on+论文将要开展的工作．
(3) 阐述“对于论文将要开展的工作，已有文献只探讨了相对的工作”时，用：However，all the researches／studies／inverstigations／works mentioned above+be limited to／be based on／be concemtrated on+相对工作。关于“相对工作”的含义，请参考下述三例理解。(i) ... are limited to the cases that ( the external load is moving on the horizonal beams)．已有文献只研究了水平梁课题，而论文中将要研究的是与之“相对”的倾斜梁(inclined beam)课题。(ii) ... are based on the assumption of ( vehicle／track symmetry in order to simplify the calculation)．已有文献只研究了车辆／轨道对称课题，而论文将要研究的是与之“相对”的车辆／轨道不对称(vehicle／track asymmetry ) 课题。(iii) ... are mainly concentrated on ( the forward problem，i．e．determination of the dynamic responses due to moving vehicle loads)．已有文献研究的课题是求解动力响应，而论文将要研究的是与之相对的荷载识别(inverse problem，i．e．force identification from the dynamic response of the continuous bridge)课题。
研究目的或内容模块的常用句式
通常情况下作者在最后一段叙述论文的研究目的，概括性地介绍论文的研究内容。在叙述论文的研究目的或内容时，论文的创新点(新的研究方法、或新的研究内容、或新的研究理论等)就会展示出来。为了使读者清楚地知道作者自己的研究工作不同于所列文献中的工作，这个模块的首句常包含this paper／study／research／investigation 或 in this paper／study／research／investigation等词语。
(1) 用现在时的主动语态句式，例如：This paper describes／presents／develops／proposes a new model／theory／method for+论文将要研究的主题．The objective／purpose／aim of this paper／study is to develop a new model／theory／method for+论文将要研究的主题．
(2) 用现在时的被动语态句式，如：In this paper，a general numerical analysis theory is presented, which is capable of solving... .又如：An asymmetrical vehicle／track dynamic model，which is a finite element time — domain model，is presented in this paper．
(3)如果论文是对已有研究工作的扩展，可用下列包含 extension 或 extend 的句式。如：This paper call be regarded as all extension of the paper by somebody，as the latter laid the theortical foundation for the present study．又如：this paper extends the theoretical framework laid down by somebody for the analysis of+论文将要研究的主题．
篇2：大学生英语科技论文写作
Abstract: the first part of this article uses the basic theory of development economics to analyze the important role of scientific and technological progress in economic growth, and then illustrates that scientific and technological progress is the primary productive force. The second part proves the key role of scientific and technological progress in economic growth in the future through relevant data. Finally, it is pointed out that the transformation of the mode of economic growth relying on scientific and technological progress can lead to long-term, stable and sustained economic growth and lead the economy to a new stage.
Key words: scientific and technological progress; economic growth; Capital
Frist. Introduction
After a well-off society in an all-round way, China's international status has been greatly improved. The total economic output is second only to that of the United States, ranking second in the world. The fundamental sign of achieving a relatively comfortable standard of living is that the per capita GDP exceeds US $3000, close to the average level of middle-income countries. The following items: first, per capita disposable income of urban residents reached 18000 yuan; second: per capita income of rural residents reached 8000 yuan; third: the Engel coefficient is reduced to 35%; Fourth: urban per capita housing construction area reached 30 square meters; fifth, the urbanization rate reached 56%; Sixth residents: the family computer penetration rate reached 20%; seventh: university enrollment rate reached 25%; eighth: the minimum living guarantee for urban residents reached 95%. After China has built a well-off society in an all-round way, we will always follow the tenet of serving the people wholeheartedly and vigorously develop the productive forces, promote economic growth and move towards higher income countries. Then, the path of economic growth in the future
Two, the relationship between technological progress and economic growth
The source and the determinant factors on economic growth theory, mainly through the following three theories illustrate: 1. in Hadro - Thomas economic growth model as the representative of the capital theory, the theory that the key to economic growth is the accumulation of capital, the main content is the same in the capital output ratio under the condition of economy growth depends on the savings rate. 2. with the Solow economic growth model as the representative of technological determinism, the theory that economic growth mainly depends on the degree of technological progress. These two theories have some deficiencies, which emphasizes the single capital accumulation Harold Domar model is not the test of practice. Although the Solow model emphasizes the great role of science and technology progress, but it is the science and technology progress as exogenous, the economic growth is not only temporary, sustained growth. 3. of the endogenous growth theory, the theory of 1980s as the new growth theory of traditional economic growth theory to rethink, the technological progress of economic growth source of progress of science and technology in biochemistry to make up for the Solow economic growth model of the technological progress as exogenous factors of defects, and points out that the accumulation of knowledge and human capital in technological progress the accumulation of economic growth continued to play a crucial role. The assumption that the theory of constant decline in traditional economic growth theory of earnings and returns to scale were perfect, the accumulation of knowledge and human capital as a source of economic growth factors to curb the diminishing returns and diminishing returns to scale through the mechanism of the positive external effect, not only can make their own formation of increasing income, but also can make the capital and material factors labor return to increase, so that the whole economy increasing returns to scale, to ensure sustained economic growth. Through the above analysis can be found in the process of economic development, increase the investment of capital, labor and other factors of production will lead to the output growth of economic growth, but the economy to achieve long-term, sustained and rapid growth can not only rely on the factor of production is simple, to abandon the extensive mode of production, take intensive expansion the mode of reproduction, that is to say the technology progress plays a vital role in the economic development, because technology not only brings the growth of output, but also by external effects, improve the production of natural elements and elements of labor, physical capital and productivity, eliminate these elements in the same income decline, and increasing returns to scale. The differences between economic growth rate and income level is the main source of knowledge in the world and the level of human capital accumulation is different, so the future economic development of the most important and the most crucial point is to increase the accumulation of knowledge and human capital accumulation.
Three, the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress to economic growth
In recent years, the National Bureau of statistics with the relevant departments to carry out the research work of science and technology progress in quantitative measurement, introduced a set of calculation methods, namely the growth rate equation and Cobb Douglas production function combination method, the specific formula is: EA=Y- alpha K- beta LY * 100%% in EA for scientific and technological progress on economic contribution to the growth of Y is K the average growth rate of output is the average growth rate of the capital, the average growth rate for L alpha labor for the output elasticity of capital and other conditions remain unchanged, the capital increase of 1%, alpha beta for increased output% of the output elasticity of labor, that other conditions remain unchanged, labor an increase of 1%, increase in output, K beta%Y and L can be calculated by the National Bureau of statistics data and search (this press a year a year of data reduction and data, in addition to the data for more than a year to the capital Mainly refers to the fixed capital, labor mainly refers to employees Alpha and beta can be calculated by the rate of change of Y divided by their respective rates of change. From to , the growth rate of the labor force generally declined, and the elasticity of labor output declined, while the capital showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. In , for example, the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress is negative. At this point, the main contribution should be capital, and the growth rate of capital is as high as 21.8 this year. China lost the advantage of demographic dividend, make a major contribution to the economy is capital, followed by the technological progress and scientific and technological progress on economic growth contributions is stable, but because of the scarcity of energy resources and the deterioration of the environment, economy and environment with both hands of the consciousness is more and more strong, so in the future of economic growth plays a key role in the technological progress.
Four summary
Through the above analysis of the two, and combined with the actual situation of our country, we come to the following understanding. First of all, with the all-round well-off society, economic globalization, network modernization, competition between countries are increasingly inclined to the competition of science and technology, relying on the advantages of software technology to seize the Silicon Valley model about “4 German strategic industrial intelligent factory” and “the United States, the 4 industry challenges in the development of the advanced mode of production”, confirm the importance of the progress of science and technology. China also faces enormous challenges in the manufacturing sector, the provinces in Northeast China as an example, as an old industrial base, the traditional manufacturing industry has lost support, to Chinese economic low-spirited, facing a transition pressure, this process needs to complete the transformation of scientific and technological progress. After the completion of the transition, I personally believe that technological progress will only be more important, only technological progress, improve factor utilization, can effectively stimulate economic growth. Secondly, to forward the list of developed countries, should pay attention to the adjustment of industrial structure, reasonable arrangements for the industry accounted for, should pay attention to the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, vigorously develop the third industry as a service industry, there will be more intelligent robot to enter the industry, reduce the production cost at the same time, we will engage in more human intelligence work so, to improve productivity, which requires more relying on Intelligent Internet, software development, realization of rapid economic development and steady progress in science and technology to the commanding heights. Finally, scientific and technological innovation can improve factor utilization, guide the rational flow of production factors among different departments, and foster the development of new industries. It is also the source of economic growth and transformation of industrial structure. Therefore, to create a good soft environment is to attract scientific research personnel and high-end enterprises, and it is an important way to achieve great leap forward development. Scientific research institutions and colleges and universities are the cradle of high-level and innovative talents needed for the construction of the national soft power and scientific and technological innovation bases. China should take measures from the aspects of the introduction of high-tech enterprises, collection of scientific and technological talents, set up scientific and technological innovation alliance together, similar to industrial capital, industrial capital and human resources of science and technology closely together, enrich and perfect the carrier function, enhance their agglomeration.
Reference：
[1], Wang Zhenhua, Li Xu. Technological progress, upgrading of industrial structure and county economic growth, [J]., agricultural technology and economy, (2)
[2], Zhang Wei, Guo Yuyan, Meng Jing. The future trend of urban population and social development in the context of overall well-off society [J]. modern economic research, (10)
[3], Guo Kun, Xu's hobby, Zhang Hui. The practice and reference of the development of circular economy in developed countries.[J] macroeconomic management, 2015 (5)
[4], Zhang Biansheng, Chen Gang. Estimation of contribution rate of science and technology progress in Henan Province Based on grey system theory [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural University, 2015 (8)
[5], Yan Wei. Research on the development of circular economy in Hubei Province Based on scientific and technological progress [J]. science and technology progress and countermeasures, 2015 (6)
[6], Zhu Yunwen, Zhu Yunrong, Yang Wanjiang. Basic connotation and goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way [J]. economic issues, (3)
1.科技论文写作要求
2.科技论文写作分类
3.科技议论文写作思路
4.科技论文写作五要素
5.科技论文写作模板
篇3：科技论文写作格式
近来，编辑部经常接到一些作者询问所投稿件能否采用、如何给期刊投稿、稿件有什么要求等方面的来电，这些问题主要涉及3个方面，一是投稿时要分析所投期刊的性质和定位，二是要围绕水利中心工作做好选题，三是要掌握科技论文写作格式和技巧。笔者根据自己多年从事编稿、审稿工作的体会，结合杂志刊登稿件的要求，谈谈科技论文的写作。
1、什么叫科技论文，基本特征是什么
科技论文是在科学研究、科学实验的基础上，对自然科学和专业技术领域里的某些现象或问题进行专题研究，运用概念、判断、推理、证明或反驳等逻辑思维手段，分析和阐述，揭示出这些现象和问题的本质及其规律性而撰写成的论文。科技论文区别于其他文体的特点，在于创新性科学技术研究工作成果的科学论述，是某些理论性、实验性或观测性新知识的科学记录、是某些已知原理应用于实际中取得新进展、新成果的科学总结。因此，完备的科技论文应该具有科学性、首创性、逻辑性和有效性，这也就构成了科技论文的基本特征。
科学性――这是科技论文在方法论上的特征，它不仅仅描述的是涉及科学和技术领域的命题，而且更重要的是论述的内容具有科学可信性，是可以复现的成熟理论、技巧或物件，或者是经过多次使用已成熟能够推广应用的技术。
首创性――这是科技论文的灵魂，是有别于其他文献的特征所在。它要求文章所揭示的事物现象、属性、特点及事物运动时所遵循的规律，或者这些规律的运用必须是前所未见的、首创的或部分首创的，必须有所发现，有所发明，有所创造，有所前进，而不是对前人工作的复述、模仿或解释。
逻辑性――这是文章的结构特点。它要求科技论文脉络清晰、结构严谨、前提完备、演算正确、符号规范，文字通顺、图表精制、推断合理、前呼后应、自成系统。
有效性――指文章的发表方式。当今只有经过相关专业的同行专家的审阅，并在一定规格的学术评议会上答辩通过、存档归案;或在正式的科技刊物上发表的科技论文才被承认为是完备和有效的。这时，不管科技论文采用何种文字发表，它表明科技论文所揭示的事实及其真谛已能方便地为他人所应用，成为人类知识宝库中的一个组成部分。
2、科技论文的分类
从不同的角度对科技论文进行分类会有不同的结果。从目前期刊所刊登的科技论文来看主要涉及以下5类:
第一类是论证型――对基础性科学命题的论述与证明，或对提出的新的设想原理、模型、材料、工艺等进行理论分析，使其完善、补充或修正。如维持河流健康生命具体指标的确定，流域初始水权的分配等都属于这一类型。从事专题研究的人员写这方面的科技论文多些。
第二类是科技报告型――科技报告是描述一项科学技术研究的结果或进展，或一项技术研究试验和评价的结果，或论述某项科学技术问题的现状和发展的文件。记述型文章是它的一种特例。专业技术、工程方案和研究计划的可行性论证文章，科技报告型论文占现代科技文献的多数。从事工程设计、规划的人员写这方面的科技论文多些。
第三类是发现、发明型――记述被发现事物或事件的背景、现象、本质、特性及其运动变化规律和人类使用这种发现前景的文章。阐述被发明的装备、系统、工具、材料、工艺、配方形式或方法的功效、性能、特点、原理及使用条件等的文章。从事工程施工方面的人员写这方面的稿件多些。
第四类是设计、计算型――为解决某些工程问题、技术问题和管理问题而进行的计算机程序设计，某些系统、工程方案、产品的计算机辅助设计和优化设计以及某些过程的计算机模拟，某些产品或材料的设计或调制和配制等。从事计算机等软件开发的人员写这方面的科技论文多些。
第五类是综述型――这是一种比较特殊的科技论文(如文献综述)，与一般科技论文的主要区别在于它不要求在研究内容上具有首创性，尽管一篇好的综述文章也常常包括某些先前未曾发表过的新资料和新思想，但是它要求撰稿人在综合分析和评价已有资料基础上，提出在特定时期内有关专业课题的发展演变规律和趋势。它的写法通常有两类:一类以汇集文献资料为主，辅以注释，客观而少评述。另一类则着重评述。通过回顾、观察和展望，提出合乎逻辑的、具有启迪性的看法和建议。从事管理工作的人员写这方面的科技论文较多。
3、科技论文的格式
一篇完整的科技论文应包括标题、摘要、关键词、论文的内容、参考文献。
3.1 题目
题目是科技论文的必要组成部分。它要求用简洁、恰当的词组反映文章的特定内容，论文的主题明白无误地告诉读者，并且使之具有画龙点睛，启迪读者兴趣的功能。一般情况下，题目中应包括文章的主要关键词。题名像一条标签，切忌用较长的主、谓、宾语结构的完整语句逐点描述论文的内容，以保证达到“简洁”的要求;而“恰当”的要求应反映在用词的中肯、醒目、好读好记上。当然，也要避免过分笼统或哗众取宠的所谓简洁，缺乏可检索性，以至于名实不符或无法反映出每篇文章应有的特色。题名应简短，不应很长，一般不宜超过20个汉字。
3.2 署名
著者署名是科技论文的必要组成部分。著者系指在论文主题内容的构思、具体研究工作的执行及撰稿执笔等方面的全部或局部上作出的主要贡献的人员，能够对论文的主要内容负责答辩的人员，是论文的法定权人和责任者。署名人数不该太多，对论文涉及的部分内容作过咨询、给过某种帮助或参与常规劳务的人员不宜按著者身份署名，但可以注明他们曾参与了哪一部分具体工作，或通过文末致谢的方式对他们的贡献和劳动表示谢意。合写 论文的著者应按论文工作贡献的多少顺序排列。著者的姓名应给全名，一般用真实姓名。同时还应给出著者完成研究工作的单位或著者所在的工作单位或通信地址。
3.3 文摘
文摘是现代科技论文的必要附加部分，只有极短的文章才能省略。文摘是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明确切地记述文献重要内容的短文，应包括目的、方法、结果、结论。文摘有两种写法:报道性文摘―指明一次文献的主题范围及内容梗概的简明文摘也称简介;指示性文摘―指示一次文献的陈述主题及取得的成果性质和水平的简明文摘。介乎其间的是报道、指示性文摘―以报道性文摘形式表述一次文献中信息价值较高的部分，而以指示性文摘形式表述其余部分的文摘。一般的科技论文都应尽量写成报道性文摘，而对综述性、资料性或评论性的文章可写成指示性或报道、指示性文摘。文摘可作者自己写，也可由编者写。编写时要客观、如实地反映一次文献;要着重反映文稿中的新观点;不要重复本学科领域已成常识的内容;不要简单地重复题名中已有的信息;书写要合乎语法，尽量同文稿的文体保持一致;结构要严谨，表达要简明，语义要确切;要用第三人称的写法。摘要字数一般在300字左右。
3.4 关键词
为了便于读者从浩如烟海的书刊中寻找文献，特别是适应计算机自动检索的需要，应在文摘后给出3-8个关键词。选能反映文献特征内容，通用性比较强的关键词。首先要选列人似语主题词一劫的规范性词。
3.5 引言
引言(前言、序言、概述)经常作为科技论文的开端，主要回答“为什么”(Why)这个问题。它简明介绍科技论文的背景、相关领域的前人研究历史与现状(有时亦称这部分为文献综述)，以及著者的意图与分析依据，包括科技论文的追求目标、研究范围和理论、技术方案的选取等。引言应言简意赅，不要等同于文摘，或成为文摘的注释。
3.6 正文
正文是科技论文的核心组成部分，主要回答“怎么研究”(how)这个问题。正文应充分阐明科技论文的观点、原理、方法及具体达到预期目标的整个过程，并且突出一个“新”字，以反映 科技论文具有的首创性。根据需要，论文可以分层深人，逐层剖析，按层设分层标题。科技论文写作不要求文字华丽，但要求思路清晰，合乎逻辑，用语简洁准确、明快流畅;内容务求客观、科学、完备，要尽量让事实和数据说话;凡用简要的文字能够说清楚的，应用文字陈述，用文字不容易说明白或说起来比较繁琐的，应由表或图来陈述。物理量和单位应采用法定计量单位。
3.7 结论
结论是整篇文章的最后总结。结论不是科技论文的必要组成部分。主要是回答“研究出什么”(What)。它应该以正文中的试验或考察中得到的现象、数据和阐述分析作为依据，由此完整、准确、简洁地指出:一是由研究对象进行考察或实验得到的结果所揭示的原理及其普遍性;二是研究中有无发现例外或本论文尚难以解释和解决的问题;三是与先前已经发表过的(包括他人或著者自己)研究工作的异同;四是本论文在理论上与实用上的意义与价值;五是对进一步深人研究本课题的建议。
3.8 参考文献
它是反映文稿的科学依据和著者尊重他人研究成果而向读者提供文中引用有关资料的出处，或为了节约篇幅和叙述方便，提供在论文中提及而没有展开的有关内容的详尽文本。被列入的论文参考文献应该只限于那些著者亲自阅读过和论文中引用过，而且正式发表的出版物，或其他有关档案资料，包括专利等文献。
4、如何写科技论文
4.1 科技论文的选题
科技论文的选题一方面要选择本学科觅待解决的课题，另一方面要选择本学科处于前沿位置的课题。在召开的水利部科学技术委员会全体会议上，汪恕诚部长针对今后的水利科研工作，强调要重视研究十大问题:一是河流健康标准;二是大坝与生态;三是河道演变的人工干预;四是河流生态的修复与建设;五是河流水量分配导则，即初始水权的分配;六是节水型社会的体制建设;七是跨流域调水的生态影响;八是生态调度问题;九是灾害保险与社会管理;十是水库征地移民。这些都是作论文很好的选题。围绕构建和谐社会、水资源的可持续利用、饮水安全、粮食安全等都有许多很好的选题。
选题确定后，就要定题目了。题目有大有小，有难有易。太大了，由于学力不足，无法深人，很容易写成蜻蜓点水，浮光掠影，面面俱到，一个问题也没有论述深透，也没有能够解决，论文还是没有分量，华而不实，难于完成;太小了轻而易举。写作时要确定一个角度，把题目缩小。因此确定 科技论文的具体题目和论证角度，应该量力而行，实事求是，不要好高鹜远，贪大贪深，勉强去做一个自己无力胜任的题，自己毫无基础和准备的题。题目的大小，当然也不是绝对的。大题可以小作，小题可以大作。关键还在于如何确定具体的角度，如抓住一个重要的小题，学科中的关键问题，能够深人其本质，抓住要害，从各个方面把它说深说透，有独到的新见解，把这个问题的难点和症结找准了，科学地给予解决了，那 论文就很有分量。因此要从实际出发，量力而行。确定主题和论证的角度，除了量力而行外，还应注意要从自己有基础、了解的事情着手。
比如，编辑部收到过这样一些来稿，有的基层作者写的题目很大，如我国的水资源管理、南水北调工程的设想等，这类稿件题目很大也很泛，从他们所掌握的资料，很难做那么大的课题研究，写的论文很空，东抄西拼，缺少自己独到的见解，有些见解缺少理论的依据，因此这类稿件很难被采用。还有一些行业外人士写黄河的裁弯取直，所写的稿件缺乏对水利知识的了解，研究的不是他们所熟悉的东西，缺乏理论基础，这样的稿件也很难被采用。
4.2 科技论文的准备
确定科技论文的题目和论证角度后，就要做搜集材料的工作，尽可能了解前人对于这个问题已经发表过的意见，他们已经取得的成果，正确的可以汲取和继承，走过的弯路，犯过的错误，可以避免和防止。应该汲取前人已有的经验，去解决前人没有解决的新问题。在博览广搜有关材料的过程中，应该时刻以自己论题为中心去思考这些材料，区别其正确、错误，找出其论证不足与需要增补、发挥之处，在此过程中逐渐形成自己论文的观点。搜集材料的过程，就是调查研究、思考钻研、形成论点的过程。在材料的搜集、研究过程完成时，论文提纲也就自然而然地完成了。
制定提纲可以帮助我们树立全局观念，从整体出发，去检验每一个部分所占的地位，所起的作用，相互间是否有逻辑联系，每部分所占的篇幅与其在全局中的地位和作用是否相称，各个部分之间的比例是否恰当和谐，每一个字、每一句、每一段、每一部分是否都为全局所需要，是否丝丝 入扣，相互配合，都能为主题服务。因此写提纲的好处是帮助自己从全局着眼，树立全篇论文的基本骨架，明确层次和重点，简明具体，一目了然。
对搜集的材料，要进行分析、提炼，保留那些能说明论点的例证材料。小道理要服从大道理，局部要服从整体。单从某一局部看，有些论点和例子可能是精彩的，但从全局确定的基本发展线中看，它插不进去，用不上，只能割爱。
科技论文应有说服力，为了有说服力，就必须有虚有实，有论点有例证，理论和实际相结合，论证过程有严密的逻辑性，并且论文要有层次。
4.3 科技论文的撰写
科技论文提纲确定了，就要撰写初稿。原则上要简明扼要，指出问题，说明问题，分析问题。提纲只是预拟一个轮廓，不可能对每一细部都考虑周密完善。在写作时，顺着写作思路而作，对于论点、例证和论证步骤等等细部，很可能发现原来提纲中某些设想计划是不恰当的，就应该加以修改和调整;临时发现某些论点、例证和论证理由不确切，还应该重新查书、思考、斟酌和推敲，给予增补，使之完善。当然，文气的通畅，文字的华美，还是必要的。该用排比、重复强调等修辞手法，以突出重点、倾注感情的地方，需要妙笔生花、使读者产生特殊感应的地方，还是不能吝惜笔墨。总之，该长则长，该短则短，量体裁衣，从内容出发，为内容服务，句无虚发，字无浪费，这是基本原则。
初稿写成以后，应再三修改，审查是否符合要求。事实上，人的认识不是一次完成的，很难一次就达到完善恰当的程度。仔细检查，反复修改，总会发现还有不恰当、不完善之处，大至问题是否提得鲜明中肯，论点和事例有无说服力，结构层次是否严谨，小至文字的修饰加工，有无废话，语言是否准确、鲜明、生动，等等，总会发现尚需修改之处，发现很多在提纲中看不出的毛病，原先估计不到的问题。写成初稿后反复审查和修改，是十分必要的。
“持之有故，言之成理”是科技论文的起码要求。持之有故即事实的根据;言之成理是条理清楚，观点明确。真理的标准在于实践，仅仅“持之有故，言之成理”还不一定正确，必须能够经受实践的检验，即付诸实践，取得预期的效果，简略地说，可以说是“行之有成”，即成功的实践效果。
一篇好的科技论文不光主题突出，论点鲜明，还应结构严谨，层次分明。要安排好结构，一般应遵循以下5个原则:
一是围绕主题，选择有代表性的典型材料，根据需要，加以适当安排，使主题思想得到鲜明突出的表现。
二是疏通思路，正确反映客观事物的规律，就是说，必须反映客观事物的实际情况，内部联系，符合人们的认识规律。
三是结构要完整而统一，符合客观事物的实际情况;客观事物的发展必然经过开始、中间、结尾3个阶段，同样每篇文章也必然经过3个阶段。
四是要层次分明，有条不紊。文章结构中最重要的是层次。层次就是文章中材料的次序。写文章时把所选材料分成若干部分，按照主题思想的需要，适当安排，分出轻重缓急，依次表达，前后连贯，充分而鲜明地把主题思想表达出来。
五是要适合文章体裁。体裁不同，结构也不会完全相同。各种文体都有自己的结构特点。一般说来论说文是以事物的内部逻辑关系来安排结构层次，因此论说文以说理论证为主，同记叙文以“事”为主不同。
5、科技论文写作应注意的问题
对于初写科技论文的人来说，论文题目不宜太大，篇幅不宜太长，涉及问题的面不宜过宽，论述的问题也不求过深。应尽可能在前人已有知识的基础上提出一点新的看法。
在第二步时，论文的题目可大一点、深一点。论文题目可以是着重谈某一点，如某个重要问题的某一个重要侧面或某一当前疑难的焦点，解决了这一点，有推动全局的重要意义。
在第三步时，对某专业的基本问题和重要疑难问题有独到的见解，对这个专业的学术水平的提高有推动作用。
第四步时，对某一学科有关的领域有深邃广博的知识，并能运用这些知识对某学科提供创造性见解，对此学科的发展有重要的推动作用，或对此学科水平的提高有重要的突破。
注意不必要去追求写全面论述性的大问题，所写的主题，可以很小，却又是重要的。其实选题很多，选自己熟悉和所从事的工作，并对今后工作有益的选题，既能总结工作的得失又能促进工作。
以上是由范文大全为大家整理的科技论文写作格式，希望对你有帮助，如果你喜欢，请继续关注范文大全。
1.科技论文写作格式及要求
2.科技论文写作要求
3.科技论文写作技巧
4.科技论文写作五要素
5.科技议论文写作思路
6.科技论文写作的作用
7.科技论文写作范文
8.科技论文写作常见问题
9.论文写作格式
10.论文写作基本格式
篇4：英语写作常用句式荟萃
以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1－2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。
1．表示原因
1）There are three reasons for this．
2）The reasons for this are as follows．
3）The reason for this is obvious．
4）The reason for this is not far to seek．
5）The reason for this is that．．．
6）We have good reason to believe that．．．
例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy
modern life．
注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。
如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．
这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
2．表示好处
1）It has the following advantages．
2）It does us a lot of good．
3）It benefits us quite a lot．
4）It is beneficial to us．
5）It is of great benefit to us．
例如： Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．
3．表示坏处
1）It has more disadvantages than advantages．
2）It does us much harm．
3）It is harmfulto us．
例如： However，everything dividesinto two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion．
4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth．
2）We think it necessary to do sth．
3）It plays an important role in our life．
例如：Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．
5．表示措施
1）We should take some effective measures．
2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．
3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．
4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．
例如： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．
6．表示变化
1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．
2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．
3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．
例如：Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．
7．表示事实、现状
1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．
2）No one can deny the fact that．．．
3）There is no denying the fact that．．．
4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．
5）However，that’s not the case．
例如：We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems，we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．
8．表示比较
1）Compared with A，B．．．
2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．
3）There is a striking contrast between them．
例如：Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．
9．表示数量
1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．
2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．
3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January．
例如：With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．
再如：From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in ．
注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”见句式12。考生将句式9和句式12结合在一起，便可较好地写出6月CET －4、6短文写作的第一段。
10．表示看法
1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth．
2）People have different opinions on this problem．
3）People take different views of（on）the question．
4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．．
例如： People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．
Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However，others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．
再如：
Do“lucky numbers箁eally bring good luck？Different people have different views on it．
注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。
11．表示结论
1）In short，it can be said that ．．．
2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．
3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．．
例如：From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved．
注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。
12．套语
1）It’s well known to us that ．．．
2）As is known to us，．．．
3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．
4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．
5）As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way．
例如：As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus．
The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an“ivory tower．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate．
再如：Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it.
篇5：英语作文写作经典句式
关于英语作文写作经典句式
一、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more +形容词+ than to + V
例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。
二、~ the + ~ est +名词+(that)+主词+ have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read，etc)
~ the most +形容词+名词+(that)+主词+ have ever +seen(known/heard/had/read，etc)
例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。)
例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
四、It is universally acknowledged that +句子~~(全世界都知道……)
例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
五、There is no denying that + S + V……(不可否认的……)
例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
不可否认的，我们的.生活品质已经每况愈下。
六、There is no doubt that +句子~~(毫无疑问的……)
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
七、An advantage of ~~~ is that +句子(……的优点是……)
例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create(produce)any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
八、The reason why +句子~~~ is that +句子(……的原因是……)
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.
The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
九、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be，S + V~~~(虽然……)
例句：Rich as our country is， the qualities of our living are by no means
satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account一点也不}
虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。
十、So +形容词+ be +主词+ that +句子(如此……以致于……)
例句：So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
篇6：考研英语写作句式
作文是各类英语考试中得分较低的一种题型，究其原因，除了平时缺少练习之外，同学们还缺乏作文得分技巧。同学们需要掌握一定的作文模板和熟悉大量的话题作文，纯模板会很僵化缺乏弹性，而话题作文可以更好的拓展思维，例如话题写作160篇里的高分佳句很实用。考研英语写作的提高需要大量细节的分析和磨练，其中一个重要的主题是关于英语创作的重要规律--seeking variety (追求语言丰富多变)。如何追求变化?在此举几个具体的例子，从各种角度给出句型转换的方式，提供一些思路。如果能在作文中设置一些词汇和句型的闪光点，必定使你的作文如虎添翼。
一、注意段首句式的变化
图画作文的段首句往往是“如图所示”或“从图画中可以看出”之类，下面为经常采用的一些句型：
As is shown in the picture, 和As can be seen from the picture,是经常能看到的首句话，但是模板迹象过于明显，所以应该稍加升级，比如添加一些结构和修饰语：
It is of considerable interest to see in the bizarre picture that…
当然还可以添加一些引出话题的句子：
No one can skip the issue of…(图画表现出来的意图)。Just as what is illustrated in the above drawing,…
二、适当用被动替换主动，这样能更客观地反映事实。
句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attent
ion should be paid to. ) 举个经典结尾的例子：It is, therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. By doing so，its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively。
三、一句话用不同的句式来表达
为了加强同学们对语法知识在写作中的灵活应用，下面给出一句话的14种句式及语言
调整的效果，内容上没有太大差异，但是请同学们仔细辨别每句话所侧重的句式：
1.使用表语从句
The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard, and being shocked at the message. The reason is that the billboard is advertising a “sale of the dead bodies”。
2.使用介词短语
In the picture, two people are reading the announcement and they are being shocked at the message of “a sale of dead bodies” on a billboard。
3.使用疑问句
The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. Why are they so shocked? The reason is that the billboard is advertising a “sale of the dead bodies”。
4.使用原因状语从句
The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. As the billboard is advertising a “sale of the dead bodies”， they are shocked at the message。
5.使用结果状语从句
The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. The billboard is advertising a “sale of the dead bodies” so that they are shocked at the message。
6.使用时间状语从句
In the picture, while the two people are reading the announcement on the billboard about “a sale of the dead bodies”， they are being deeply shocked。
7.使用分词短语
In the picture, reading the message of a ‘sale of the dead bodies“ advertised on the billboard, the two people are deeply shocked。
8.使用主动语态
In the picture, the announcement on a billboard advertising a ”sale of the dead bodies“ shocks the two people reading it。
9.使用There be 结构
In the picture, there is an announcement on a billboard advertising a ”sale of the dead bodies“ and shocking the two people reading it。
10.使用倒装句
On a billboard is an announcement advertising a ”sale of the dead bodies“. The two people reading it are being shocked。
11.使用定语从句
In the picture, the announcement on a billboard which advertises a ”sale of the dead bodies“ shocks the two people reading it。
12.强调句
In the picture, it is the announcement on a billboard advertising a ”sale of the dead bodies“ that shocks the two people reading it。
13.虚拟语气
In the picture, were it not for the announcement on the billboard advertising a ”sale of the dead bodies“， the two people would not be so shocked。
14. 尽量复杂作文中的句式
It is of considerable interest to observe in this bizarre caricature that a couple of citizens, reading an announcement issued on the billboard, are taken aback as a result of the astounding message which informs people of a ”sale of dead bodies“。
句中使用的词组包括：be of considerable interest, a couple of, taken aback, as a result of, inform sb. of
长句采用的特殊语法包括：宾语从句+分词结构做插入语+分词作后置定语(issued)+被动语态+原因短语+定语从句。
篇7：英语书信写作句式
英语书信写作句式大全
英语书信写作句式大全1、投诉信
投诉信的开头常用句式和套话
I am writing to inform you that I am dissatisfied with your …
投诉信的结尾常用句式和套话
I understand you will give immediate attention to this matter.
I would like to have this matter settled by the end of …
2、询问信
询问信的开头常用句式和套话
I would be most grateful if you could send me information regarding/concerning …
I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding …
询问信的结尾常用句式和套话
Your prompt attention to this letter would be highly appreciated.
I am looking forward to hearing from you.
3、请求信
请求信的开头常用句式和套话
I am writing to seek for your assistance in …
请求信的结尾常用句式和套话
I would like to thank you for your generous help in this matter.
4、道歉信
道歉信的开头常用句式和套话
I am writing to apologize for …
I am writing to say sorry for …
道歉信的结尾常用句式和套话
I sincerely hope that you will be able to think in my position and accept my apologies.
5、感谢信
感谢信的开头常用句式和套话
I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for …
感谢信的结尾常用句式和套话
I must thank you again for your generous help.
6、建议信
建议信的开头常用句式和套话
I am writing to express my views concerning …
You have asked me for my advice with regard to … and I will try to make some conducive
suggestions.
表达建议常用句式和套话
I feel that it would be beneficial if …
I would like to suggest that …
I would recommend that …
If I were you，I would …
You may consider doing …
It would seem to me that you could …
As you may agree that …
建议信的结尾常用句式和套话
I would be ready to discuss this matter to further details.
7、求职信
求职信的开头常用句式和套话
I am writing to express my interest in your recently advertised position for a waitress …
求职信的结尾常用句式和套话
Thank you for considering my application and I am looking forward to meeting you.
If you need to know more about me，please contact me at …
8、推荐信
推荐信的开头常用句式和套话
I would like to present … for your consideration in your search for a qualified manager.
With reference to your requirements，I shall，without reservation，recommend … as an ideal
candidate.
推荐信的结尾常用句式和套话
Therefore，I don''t hesitate to recommend … as the right person for your consideration.
Any favorable consideration to this letter would be considered a personal favor.
9、寻找失物信
寻找失物信的开头常用句式和套话
I am writing this letter to see if it is possible for me to have my camera back.
寻找失物信的结尾常用句式和套话
I would really appreciate it if you could …
10、邀请信
邀请信的开头常用句式和套话
I am writing to invite you to …
I wonder if you could come …
邀请信的结尾常用句式和套话
My family and I would feel honored if you could come.
We would be looking forward to your participation in the party.
I really hope you can make it.
应用文（包括信签、便签、备忘录等）写作的考试形式，旨在考察考生准确和恰当运用英语语言的能力，书信和信件是交往中常用的方式，也是考试中应该准备的学习内容。先将写信应该注意的问题作一个简单的说明。先将写书信应该注意的问题作一个简单的说明。
一：信头（Heading）
指发信人的单位名称、地址、发信日期。考试时候不要求写出。
格式：从信纸的上部中央往右写，第一行写单位名称，第三行写门牌号码、街名，第三行写市名、省名、国名，第四行写发信日期。学生写信时第一行写班级名称，第二行写学校名称，第三行写市、省名，第五行写国家名称，第六行写发信日期。国内信件国名可以不写。
二：信内地址（Inside Address）
指收信人的姓名、单位和地址。考试时候不要求写出。
格式：信头下隔一二行，从左边开始写，第一行写姓名、头衔，第二行写单位名称，第三行写门牌号及路名，第四行写市名、省名及邮政号码，第五行写国名。
商业往来信件及公函必须写信头和地址。亲友、熟人之间的信可不写信内地址，信头处写发信日期就行了。
三：称呼（Salutation）
格式：信内地址下隔一二行写称呼，其左要与信内地址第一行对齐。对不相识的男子，单数常用 “Sir”， “Dear Sir”， 或 “My Dear Sir”；复数常用 “Dear Sirs” 或“Gentlemen”。 对女子，单数常用 “Madam”，“Dear Madam”或“My Dear Madam”；复数常用“Mesdames”或 “My Dear Mesdames”；对比较熟识的`男子，普通称 “Dear Mr. ……”； 女性通常称“Dear Mrs. （或Miss）……”。熟人和亲人常直呼其名，不用姓氏（以 “Dear”为例）：1）“Dear David”；2）“My dear David”；3）“My David” 4）“My dearest David”；5）“My Dearest”；6）“Darling David”；7）“My Darling”；8）“My very own darling”等。有头衔的可把头衔写放在名字前，如“Prof Wang”， “Dr Lin”等。
四：正文（Body of Letter）
格式：称呼下面隔两行开始写正文。每段第一个字母要缩进3至5个字母的空格。正文是信的主要部分，内容要简单明了，一般不用同汉语信一样的“你好（how are you?）”之类的词。
五：结束语（Complimentary Close）
结束语是写信人对收信人的谦称，写在正文下面二三行处，从中间写起，第一个词不达意的开头字母要大写，末尾用逗号。给不相识的人可用：
“Yours truly”或“Truly yours”
“Yours faithfully”或“Faithfully yours”
“Yours Sincerely”或“Sincerely yours”
给上级或长者可用：
“Yours respectfully” 或 “Respectfully yours”
“Yours obediently”或 “Obediently yours”
“Yours”， “Yours ever”， “Ever yours”， “Yours as ever”或 “Yours sincerely”
给亲属或挚友的信可用：
“Yours affectionately”， “Lovingly Yours”， “Your loving son（child, sister…）”， 或”Yours devoted friend”等。结束语末尾要用逗号。
六：签名（Signature）
即写信人署名。一般情况下，把本人姓名签在结束语之下。考试时候统一写为“Li Ming”。
短文指导
Yesterday you failed to turn up for the appointment with your teacher, Professor Wang. Write him a letter to
1） express your apology;
2） make a request for another appointment;
3） and also suggest a time for the requested appointment.
You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. （10 points）
篇8：考研英语写作句式指导
考研英语写作句式指导
一、注意段首句式的变化
图画作文的段首句往往是”如图所示“或”从图画中可以看出“之类，下面为经常采用的一些句型：
As is shown in the picture, 和As can be seen from the picture,是经常能看到的.首句话，但是模板迹象过于明显，所以应该稍加升级，比如添加一些结构和修饰语：
It is of considerable interest to see in the bizarre picture that…
当然还可以添加一些引出话题的句子：
No one can skip the issue of…(图画表现出来的意图)。Just as what is illustrated in the above drawing,…
二、适当用被动替换主动，这样能更客观地反映事实。
句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attent
ion should be paid to. ) 举个经典结尾的例子：It is, therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. By doing so，its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively。
三、一句话用不同的句式来表达
为了加强同学们对语法知识在写作中的灵活应用，下面给出一句话的14种句式及语言
调整的效果，内容上没有太大差异，但是请同学们仔细辨别每句话所侧重的句式：
1.使用表语从句
The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard, and being shocked at the message. The reason is that the billboard is advertising a ”sale of the dead bodies“。
2.使用介词短语
In the picture, two people are reading the announcement and they are being shocked at the message of ”a sale of dead bodies“ on a billboard。
3.使用疑问句
The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. Why are they so shocked? The reason is that the billboard is advertising a ”sale of the dead bodies“。
4.使用原因状语从句
The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. As the billboard is advertising a ”sale of the dead bodies“， they are shocked at the message。
5.使用结果状语从句
The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. The billboard is advertising a ”sale of the dead bodies“ so that they are shocked at the message。
6.使用时间状语从句
In the picture, while the two people are reading the announcement on the billboard about ”a sale of the dead bodies“， they are being deeply shocked。
7.使用分词短语
In the picture, reading the message of a ‘sale of the dead bodies” advertised on the billboard, the two people are deeply shocked。
8.使用主动语态
In the picture, the announcement on a billboard advertising a “sale of the dead bodies” shocks the two people reading it。
9.使用There be 结构
In the picture, there is an announcement on a billboard advertising a “sale of the dead bodies” and shocking the two people reading it。
10.使用倒装句
On a billboard is an announcement advertising a “sale of the dead bodies”. The two people reading it are being shocked。
11.使用定语从句
In the picture, the announcement on a billboard which advertises a “sale of the dead bodies” shocks the two people reading it。
12.强调句
In the picture, it is the announcement on a billboard advertising a “sale of the dead bodies” that shocks the two people reading it。
13.虚拟语气
In the picture, were it not for the announcement on the billboard advertising a “sale of the dead bodies”， the two people would not be so shocked。
14. 尽量复杂作文中的句式
It is of considerable interest to observe in this bizarre caricature that a couple of citizens, reading an announcement issued on the billboard, are taken aback as a result of the astounding message which informs people of a “sale of dead bodies”。
句中使用的词组包括：be of considerable interest, a couple of, taken aback, as a result of, inform sb. of
长句采用的特殊语法包括：宾语从句+分词结构做插入语+分词作后置定语(issued)+被动语态+原因短语+定语从句。
篇9：高考英语写作的句式
高考英语写作的句式
一、改变时态
例：The bell is ringing now. 一般
There goes the bell.特殊
二、改变语态
例： People suggest that the conference be put off.一般
It is suggested that the conference be put off.特殊
三、使用不定式
例： He is so kind that he can help me.一般
He is so kind as to help me. 特殊
四、使用过去分词
例： 1 She walked out of the lab and many students followed her.一般
Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.特殊
2 Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.一般
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 特殊
五、使用 v- ing
1 When he arrives，please give me an e-mail.一般
On arriving /his arrival ,please give me an e-mail.特殊
2 If the weather permits ,I will come tomorrow.一般
I will come tomorrow, weather permitting. .特殊
六、使用名词性从句
1.It disappointed everybody that
he didn't turn up.一般
The fact that he did n' t turn up
disappointed everybody.特殊
2.I happened to have met him.一般
It happened that I had met him. 特殊
3.To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.一般
What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things. 特殊
七、使用定语从句
例; The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written.一般
The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of. 特殊
八、使用状语从句
1.I won't believe what he says.一般
No matter what he says, I won't believe.特殊
2.If you come back before six o'clock, you can go out.一般
You can go out on condition that you come back before six o'clock. 特殊
3 If she doesn't agree, what shall we do? 一般
Supposing that she doesn't agree, what shell we do ?特殊
九、使用虚拟语气
例： The ship didn't sink with all on board because there were the efforts of the captain.一般
But for the efforts of the captain ,the ship would have sunk with all on board.特殊
十、使用倒装句型
例：Though I'm weak I'll make the effort.一般
Weak as I am, I'll make the effort.特殊
扩展：浅谈英语的否定转移
在学英语的过程中，学生常将这样的句子 “我认为这不是个好主意.” 译为“I think it isn”t a good idea.“ 而将这句英语译成汉语时，学生又会译为 ”我不认为这是个好主意.“ 老师又会说译错了，这不符合 ”I don“t think...” 句型，应译为 “l don”t think it“s a good idea.”
那么，这错误的根源究竟在哪里?这就是“英语的否定转移”在作怪。否定转移在非正式语体中特别常见，它是将语义上属于从属分句(一般为that clause1)的否定词转移到母句中去。允许否定转移的母句动词在语义上可分为以下两组：
1.看法(OPINION)：anticipate， be supposed to， believe， calculate， expect， figure(infml，AmE), imagine, reckon (infml，esp, in AmE)， suppose， think.
Eg. I don“t believe I”ve met you b! efore. (“I believe I haven”t met you before.“)
Eg. She didn”t imagine that we would say anything. (“She imagined we wouldn”t say anything.“)
Eg. He didn”t expect to win.(“He expected not to win.”)
2.感觉(PERCEPTION) appear， seem， feel as if， look as if， sound as if (后三个动词也作infml，esp， in AmE，其中用like来代替as if)：
Eg. It doesn“t seem that we can get our money back.
”It seems that we can“t get our money back.”
Eg. The baby doesn“t appear to be awake.
(”The baby appears not to! be awake.“)
Eg. It doesn”t look like it“s going to rain.
(”It looks like it isn“t going to rain.”)
否定的转移是一种含糊的现象。对于否定词位置不同的两个句子，意思是否相同，或者在多大程度上相同的问题，各人的直觉可能是不同的。但在以下特殊情况下，原来允许否定转移的动词不能将否定转移：
1.I think是插入句，可看作与其他部分无关：
I wish you were here， then I think I should not feel like this.
2.母句中添加情态动词can“t mustn”t wouldn“t时：
I can”t believe that they are married.
You mustn“t think he”s stupid.
I wouldn“t have imagined that Sandra would be here.
3.由于cannot helping2， ought not， need not， not at all等短语的关系而把I think! 隔离。
I should have thought sometimes you couldn”t help thinking of the past.
I think you ought not to walk at night alone， Mrs. Moore.
I think you need not be impolite to her， as well as to her son.
“I think the angel are not at all in heaven.” Mr.Esmond said.“
4. 由于not just... but， just not... enough，not much, not quite等以not为核心的副词短语的影响，也不便把否定拿到动词的前面去：
I think I”m just not smart enough to make any sense out of for you.
“You think she”s not much like you? Brerald asked.
But I think that Elizabeth was not quite so certain of it as I.
句中含有no, never, nothing, nobody等的不定词时：
I should think you never have seen many.
I thought it explained nothing.
篇10：考研英语 写作常用句式总结
考研英语 写作常用句式总结
一、表达个人观点
1. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.
2. As far as I am concerned, I am really/completely in favor of the test/policy.
3. In conclusion/a word, I believe that….
4. There is some truth in both arguments, but I think the disadvantages of… outweigh its advantages.
5. In my opinion/view, we should….
6. As for me, I….
7. As I see it, ….
8. From my point of view, ….
9. Personally, I think….
10. My view is that….
11. I think/consider….
12. I take/hold a negative/positive view of….
二、常用过渡词和句型
过渡词在文章中发挥着连接上下文的作用，学会恰当地运用过渡词会使文章连贯、流畅。
1.常用于文章开始的过渡词语和句子
(1)To begin with首先
例：To begin with, smoking should be banned in public areas.“首先，公共场所禁止吸烟。”
(2)Generally speaking一般地说，总体上说
例：Generally speaking, it is the best policy to spend more money on libraries.“总的说来，加大图书馆的投资是良策。”
(3)First of all第一，首先
例：First of all, many people in remote areas still live in poverty.“第一，居住在边远地区的许多人仍生活在贫困之中。”
(4)With (the development/progress/growth)
of(economy/society)...随着(经济、社会)的(发展、进步、增长)...
例：With the development of society, women’s role has become more important than ever before in daily life.“随着社会的发展，妇女在社会生活中比以往发挥着更加重要的作用。”
(5)Recently近来
例：Recently，the problem (conflict, production) of grain shortage has become the world focus.“近来粮食短缺问题已成为全球关注的焦点。”
2.常用于文章结尾的过渡词和句子
(1)In conclusion最后，在结束时
例：In conclusion, the international agreement should be made to prevent the world from war.“最后，应达成国际协定使世界避免战争。”
(2)In brief简言之
例：In brief, family planning is of vital importance in China.“简言之，计划生育对中国具有重要意义。”
(3)In a word总之
例：In a word, without mutual understanding, true friendship does not exist.“总之，没有相互理解，真正的友谊是不存在的。”
(4)It is high time that...到...时候了
例：It is high time that the issue were to be solved so as to promote the economic development.“为了促进经济发展到该解决问题的时候了。”
(5)It is only when...that...只有当...才...
例：It is only when people become the masters of the country that science can serve the people.“只有当人民成为国家的主人，科学才能为人民服务。”
3.常用于表示先后次序的过渡词语及句子
(1)first, second, third...第一，第二，第三
例：First, she had studied chemistry during her sophomore and junior years. Second, she never missed a class. Third, she performed every required experiment in all her chemistry courses. Fourth, she always worked hard. Her classmates were sure that she would win top award in Chemistry during her senior year at the university.“首先，她在一二年级时就选修了化学课程。其次，她从不误课。再有，她认真完成每一次化学试验。还有，她学习非常刻苦。因而同学们确信她在高年级时会获得学校化学大奖。”
(2)To begin with...,moreover...,finally...，首先...，此外...，最后...
例：There are a few reasons for his decision of studying law. To begin with, he is very interested in social affairs and it seems the best way to enable him to engage in these activities. Moreover, his father is a lawyer. He has always encouraged him to do something similar. Finally, he is sure he can get a job after graduation.“他决定学法律有几方面的原因：首先，他对社会事物感兴趣，学习法律有助于他参与这些活动。此外，他父亲是个律师，一直鼓励他从事同样的职业。最后，他确信毕业后能找到工作。”
(3)Meanwhile同时
例：Meanwhile, the better skills and knowledge children possess, the more opportunities they will be ensured.“
同时，孩子们的技艺与知识掌握得越好，今后的机会就越多。”
(4)since then自此之后
例：Since then, the Olympics turned out to be an instrument of peace and freedom for small nations.“自此之后，奥林匹克运动成为小国争取和平和自由的工具。”
(5)Therefore因而
例：Therefore, if this is included in good education that parents are seeking now, their children will be definitely ensured a bright future.“因而，如果父母们在其为孩子们寻求的良好教育中加入这一点，他们的子女肯定会有一个光辉灿烂的未来。”
4.常用于表示因果关系及分析原因的过渡词语与句子
(1)As a result由于...结果
例：Her performance in college was excellent. As a result, she has got a satisfactory job.“由于她在大学成绩优异，她找到一份令人满意的工作。”
(2)Due to由于
例：My trip to Guang Zhou and Shen Zhen has to be cancelled due to the financial problem.“由于财务问题，我去广州和深圳的旅行取消了。”
(3)consequently结果，因此
例：The government was unwilling to risk a conflict with that neighboring country, and consequently, promised to sign the treaty.“该国政府不愿冒险与邻国发生冲突，因此答应签署条约。”
(4)One may criticize......for......，but the real cause of...lies deeper人们可以因为...批评...，但是...的真正原因在更深层次
例：One may criticize the school authorities for the fire accident, but the real reason of the accident lies deeper.“人们可以就火灾事故批评校领导，但事故还有更深的原因。”
(5)Among...reasons, one should be emphasized that...在众多的.原因中，其中一点给予强调...
例：Among the most important reasons, one reason should be emphasized that large pieces of cultivated land have been occupied, which results in the grain shortage.“在许多重要的原因中，其中一点应强调的是造成粮食减产是因为大量的可耕地被占用。”
5.常用于比较和对比的过渡词
(1)unlike...与...不同
例：Unlike oral English, written English is comparatively formal.“与口头英语不同，笔头英语比较正规。”
(2)In contrast...与之相比
例：In contrast with Tom, Mario seldom studies harder.“与汤姆比，玛里奥很少努力学习。”
(3)On the other hand...另一方面
例：The life expectancy in developing countries has increased during the past thirty years. On the other hand, the infant mortality has decreased from twenty percent to ten percent in the same period.“发展中国家的期望寿命在过去的30年间都增长了。另一方面婴儿死亡率同期由20%下降到10%。”
(4)Likewise同样
例：Plenty of food must be packed for the journey;likewise, warm clothes will also be needed.“要带上旅行中吃的食品，同样也需要带上御寒保暖的衣服。”
(5)similarly同样
例：If only one can make his audience understood, it seems insignificant if one makes some mistakes in his oral English; similarly, as to the audience, they are only interested in grasping the meaning, not actually mind or even hardly notice the speakers mistakes."只要能使听众听明白，在口头英语中出一些错误是无关紧要的，同样作为听众也只对讲话者
篇11：科技论文写作学习心得
今年是我第一次踏入西安交通大学，以前对她有的只是羡慕和敬畏，而现在却感到了更多的亲切和踏实，还没开学的时候就面临着选课，说实话，我对研究生的课程怎么上几乎没有什么概念，对选课也没有太多的了解，只是凭感觉随便选了一些，对《科技英语论文写作》这门课当时也没太多的印象，所以在预选课的时候我没有选这门课程，等到开学，在导师的指导下把专业课选好了后就开始调课，也许是偶然的原因吧，这门课程的开课时间正好和我的别的课程不冲突，而且我想到这个课是我以后要用到的，抱着实用的态度我选修了这门课程。在没上课时我就觉得这个课应该是一个比较枯燥的课程，讲的都是关于科技方面的英语翻译，都做好了接受上这样枯燥的课的一个心理准备，但这一切都只是我的一个猜想，等我真真上了这门课时我才觉得不是那么回事，这正应证了一个道理：课程比较枯燥乏味，但只要上课老师的人能够把它用不一样的方式讲出来，照样可以讲的津津有味，让人觉得听的有意思，感兴趣。
随着我国科研的发展以及与世界的交流越来越多，科技英语对我们来说日益显得重要了，掌握科技英语论文写作可以说是与外界有了更便捷的沟通桥梁以及科学技术的共享和相互促进，尤其对我们研究生来说，掌握科技英语写作几乎是我们的一门必修课，如果我们不能够很好的掌握它，那么它就会成为我们和国外进行技术交流的一道不可逾越的障碍，这也会成为我们获取国外先进技术的一道门槛。另外，学习科技论文写作可以使别人知道我们的研究进展以及成果，以便得到我们应得的认可和尊重。
在上课之前，对于俞炳丰老师只是听说而已，知道他是能动学院的教授，钱学森图书馆的馆长，但有一点我感到有一点奇怪，俞老师是一个能动学院的教授，他应该是能动方面的专家，怎么给学生上《科技英语论文写作》这门课了，总觉得这个课应该由一个英语专业的老师来上，他应该是外语学院的老师。带着这些疑问，第一次开始上《科技英语论文写作》，也是第一次听俞老师讲课，原来俞老师已经上这个课上了好多年了，就连教材都是他一个人编写的，这个课很受学生的欢迎，这其中的原因多半是因为俞老师讲课比较有特色，而且能够把比较繁琐的的东西归纳总结，以一种让人很容易接受的方式表达出来。另外，他还不忘把他丰富的阅历以及这方面的实践经验讲给我们听，让我们受益匪浅。从中明白了许多在做研究是的道理以及和别人尤其是外国人交流时应该注意的问题，大从出国参加会议，小到参加这种国际性的会议时的衣食住行，样样都有涉及。通过听俞老师的讲解以及自己对这一课程的领悟，我对科技英语论文写作也有了更深的理解，可谓收获颇丰。一有新发现，就立即记下来。课后做一些补充，还有批注，算是自己的心得。同时也觉得在以后写英语论文是不会变的盲目无助，而是会有例可寻，大的结构和框架不会出错，能够心中有数。
我觉得俞老师对论文怎样去发表英语论文讲的很详细，其中涉及了很多我们不能在书本上学习到的知识，包括论文评审的过程和周期以及应该注意的各种事项，甚至包括到图表等具体的细节，让我感到受益匪浅。这个我感到非常实用，建议俞老师以后开一个这样的专题讲座。在讲课之余俞老师还不忘和我们分享出游各国时所见的风土人情，尤其是又一次他给我们看的印度泰姬陵，给我们讲了
这个历史遗址的相关知识，是我们在学习之余即得到了也放松和愉悦，同时也是我们增长了见识。在整个课程结束的最后两节课然我感到很好而且比较实用和能够锻炼学生的能力。俞老师安排了学生模仿国际会议进行英语演讲，同时做好PPT进行全真模仿和锻炼。虽然没能有幸上去演讲，但能看到同学们上去演讲也还是受益匪浅，尤其有一个同学让我感到由衷的佩服，同时也从他的出色表现中学到了许多东西，他竟然能在PPT页数不是很多的情况下用英语为大家有声有色的讲的将近二十分钟，期间并无重复和间断，光这份勇气和从容就让我感到佩服，当然他的英语水平那也自然相当了得。最后一节课里，俞老师又请到了图书馆里的一位老师专门给我们讲了关于怎样进行文献查阅的专题讲座，这对我们来说非常实用，从中学习到了很多关于电子数据库的背景知识及其使用的方法，原来我们学校有这么好的学习资源，以后一定要充分利用。
《科技英语论文写作》写作课最后的大作业是翻译一篇20xx年3月以后具有代表性结构的科技论文文章，为此，我在万方数据库里找了好久，也找到了一些比较符合要求的文章，综合对比之下我最终选了一篇西北工业大学学报上的一篇关于MEMS技术的文章，这个文章比较长，但我觉得它的结构很好，有介绍，实验，分析及总结，还有很多图表附在当中，让人容易理解。
在翻译这篇文章中我遇到了很多问题。首先，在文章名字的翻译上我看了它的英文摘要里的翻译，但总是觉得没有遵从文章汉语名字，而是换了另外一种说法，在我看来却更能说明文章中所讲的东西，所以我没重新翻译，反而觉得把文章的中文名也按英文的表述方式写出来更好一些。我把它写为《两种微型制动器在流体分离主动控制中的应用》，这样我觉得更直观一些。论文摘要部分原文中的英文版本根本不是翻译原文的摘要，我自己又重新翻译了一下，文中的逻辑结构感觉很难用英语通顺表达，修改过几次，但感觉还是不能尽人意。觉得我把中文逻辑转换成英语逻辑方面还有一定的欠缺。这篇文章的开头对所研究的问题中的概念和背景进行了简要的简绍，并把所要研究的课题和方向进行了说明，这对理解文章有很大的帮助。这段属于综述说明性的中文，所以翻译还比较顺利，只是有一句“本文研究了采用MEMS技术制造的2类微型致动器„”感觉翻译成“This paper studied using two kinds of micro actuators„”有点不太妥当。
在翻译过程中还有很多的图表要进行翻译，我都一一安要求进行了翻译，但其中肯定还有很多不妥之处，我以后要多加努力做的更好。最难翻译的莫过于进行数字性的说明，例如：“MEMS微型合成射流器结构尺寸设计如下：喷口横截面为正方形或矩形，长宽尺寸取值范围在100μm~1.5mm之间，深度为100~400μm;腔体横截面为正方形，边长为2.5~8 mm，腔深50~150μm。铜箔厚度为50~100μm;压电陶瓷片为方形，边长2~6 mm，厚度150~300mm。”虽然我用了好长时间但感觉翻译依然不尽人意，总是感觉有点太过于堆砌的感觉，不能够走到灵活多变，舒畅自然。希望老师以后能在这方面多讲述一下，以便我们能够更好的理解，最好能够给出一个例文。
对于翻译的这篇文章，虽然感觉翻译不是很顺利，其中也有可能有很多的不当甚至错误之处，但总体感觉学习了很多这方面的知识，有很多的进步，对英语科技论文写作有了一个等全面的认识，总之这是一次比较好的锻炼。
关于《科技英语论文写作》课程对俞老师的建议，我主要总结为以下几点：
(1)希望俞老师以后能多讲讲怎样才能提高对科技英语即专业方面英语的学习水平和掌握程度，有没有好的学习方法或者平时阅读文献是应该注意哪些问题。
(2)建议俞老师有时间的话可以做几次学校范围的专题讲座，内容可以精炼一
些，或者只做某一方面的，例如论文的发表、评审，注意的细节，以及平时怎样加强这方面的训练，这样就可以是很多没有时间去听您这门课的同学照样学到很多这方面的知识。
篇12：科技论文写作学习心得
科技论文它是科学技术人员在科学实验(或试验)的基础上，对自然科学或工程技术领域里的现象(或问题)进行科学分析、综合和阐述，从而揭示现象(或问题)的本质与规律的科技论文。按照写作目的不同，科技论文可分学术论文和学位论文两类，学术论文是为了在学术会议或学术刊物上发表;学位论文是为了申请相应学位，以表达作者的研究成果，体现作者的科研能力。撰写一篇好的科技论文，在写科技论文之前我们应该做好前期准备工作。
科技论文写作包括论文的前期准备工作和论文的撰写。读者在研读一篇文献时首先关注的是文献的摘要，因此摘要在论文写作中占了很重要的作用，很多学者在任何撰写论文摘要方面作了很多工作。一篇论文的引言起着引导读者阅读和理解全文的作用，如何撰写引言也是科技论文的重要组成部分。
科技论文写作的前期准备工作一般包括以下步骤：调研,选题,查资料,制定研究方案,论证,开始实施。
首先对拟开展研究的领域进行全面的调查：了解目前国内外的研究现状;已经解决了哪些问题，还有哪些问题没有解决;我们可以解决哪些问题，有无价值，等等。
然后在调研的基础上正确选题，选题时我们要考虑如下原则：要注重创新性，社会效益，前沿性，可操作性，要尽可能选择自己熟悉或者感兴趣的题目，要避免与他人重复，同时要考虑自己的人力、财力和物力。
确定选题后，要进一步查阅资料，分析实验或者理论方法，学习相关知识，借鉴别人的思想和方法，形成自己的思想方法并列出具有可操作性的详细研究计划。查找资料时已知作者、杂志名称、卷(年份)、页码，可以从杂志中查找想查阅的文章。也可从杂志作者索引或者主题中查找，通常学术杂志在每一期都按主题和作者列出目录;在年终一期按主题或者作者列出总的目录，可以从中查找相关文献。
科技论文是我们的科学技术研究成果的书面表达形式。其结构包括:1论文标题，2作者及其单位，3内容摘要，4关键词或分类代码，5正文(a引言,b实验描述或者理论描述,c结果与讨论,d结论),6 参考文献.
标题应该尽可能具体一些，题目的大小要根据论文的内容而定，覆盖主要内
容或者信息，也应该吸引读者，不能太长，最好不多于25个字(或20个英文单词)。并且应该避免附标题。通常是“短语”，不是“完整的句子”，在极少数情况下使用疑问句或完整句子作为论文标题。
摘要包括四要素：研究工作的方法，问题，结果，结论。论文摘要的语言要精炼、准确，尽可能不出现第一和第二人称，英文摘要通常使用被动语态。
引言包括研究的理由、目的、背景。包括问题的提出,研究对象及其基本特征,前人对这些问题做了哪些工作, 存在哪些不足,希望解决哪些问题,该问题的解决有什么作用和意义,研究工作的背景是什么。对论文中的理论依据,实验基础和研究方法,如果是沿用已知的知识,只需提及一笔,或注出有关的文献;如果要引出新的概念和术语,应加以定义或阐明。预期的结果及其地位、作用、意义要写的自然、概括、简洁、确切。
对于理论性科技论文正文的写作要求用理论分析或计算分析来证明论文观点的正确。对于研究对象进行精确的描述，定量地揭示各因素之间的关系，在写作方法上，常用举例、推理、反证、类比、对比、因果分析、归谬法等。在写作要求上，应论点明确而惟一，论据充分而必要，层次清楚，结构合理，逻辑性强。
科技论文的结果是整个论文最实际的东西，我们应该是客观的描述，一般不加任何讨论，一般来讲，这个比较好写，主要是图表的集中。结果的描述上也要注意层次之间的安排，要按照条理性的要求分别描述，显得有逻辑性一些。在结果分析与讨论的基础上得出结论，结论的语言要精炼、准确，可以使用第一人称“我们”。结论来自结果与讨论;摘要来自结论(语态发生变化);标题可以从摘要中提炼。
参考文献中只写最必要、最新的文献。文献要精选，仅限于著录作者亲自阅读过并在论文中直接引用的文献，而且，无特殊需要不必罗列众所周知的教科书或某些陈旧史料。只写公开发表的文献。采用规范化的格式。关于文后参考文献的著录已有国际标准和国家标准，论文作者和期刊编者都应熟练掌握，严格执行。
多阅读，多摘抄，多练习是提高论文写作水平的必经之路。一定要多阅读自己相关领域的经典文献，要学会有规律的总结和分门别类的收藏;当你到写作阶段的时候，就不能简单的要求我知道这篇文章讲什么内容，而要进一步理解这篇文章的精华在那里，作者是如何组织文章结构的，用了哪些经典的表达方法，要把其中自己要用到的句型，表达方法抄下来或做上记号，然后比较多篇文章对同
一个问题的表述，选择自己最喜欢或最适合你文章情况的表达句型，简单的说就是先模仿而不是创造，尤其对英语写作而言更应该是这样。
在论文写作前之前，要花大量时间去构思，自己还不清晰的问题，要不断和别人讨论，当思路逐渐清晰的时候，写下几个关键词，把文章的结构、框架初步理请，然后找一个安静的地方，花上几天时间去成文。
文章写完的时候，先放几天，然后再拿出来读读，看看自己能否看懂，看看自己能不能说服自己，这个过程也许要多进行几次。然后进入艰难的修改程序，让老师或者同学来读，来帮你修改。这个过程可能要十几次或几十次。第一篇文章往往是最难的。
5. 结论
科技写作是人类社会实践的反映，生产实践是科技论文写作产生并赖以发展的源泉，了解人类物质生产发展史就是科技大发展史，也是科技论文写作的发展史。如何撰写一篇好的科技论文是我们奋斗的目标。本文通过学习科技论文写作的基本知识、基本技巧、基本要求，深刻体会到了科技论文写作的重要性。对科技论文的写作有了一定的了解。
